Geochemical and geochronological constrains on the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks (northwestern Thailand) and its tectonic implications

doi:10.1007/s11707-013-0399-2

Front Earth Sci

2013, Vol. 7

Issue (4) : 508-521 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-013-0399-2

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Geochemical and geochronological constrains on the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks (northwestern Thailand) and its tectonic implications

Xin QIAN¹, Qinglai FENG¹(

), Chongpan CHONGLAKMANI², Denchok MONJAI²

1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; 2. School of Geotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand

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Abstract

Volcanic rocks in northwestern Thailand exposed dominantly in the Chiang Khong area, are commonly considered to be genetically linked to the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean. The volcanic rocks consist mainly of andesitic to rhyolitic rocks and are traditionally mapped as Permian-Triassic sequences. Our zircon U-Pb geochronological results show that two andesitic samples (TL-1-B and TL-31-B), are representative of the Doi Yao volcanic zone, and give a mean weighted age of 241.2±4.6 Ma and 241.7±2.9 Ma, respectively. The rhyolitic sample (TL-32-B1) from the Doi Khun Ta Khuan volcanic zone erupted at 238.3±3.8 Ma. Such ages indicate that Chiang Khong volcanic rocks erputed during the early Middle Triassic period. Seven samples from the Doi Yao and Doi Khun Ta Khuan zones exhibit an affinity to arc volcanics. Three rhyolitic samples from the Chiang Khong area have a geochemical affinity to both arc and syn-collisional volcanic rocks. The Chiang Khong arc volcanic rocks can be geochemically compared with those in the Lampang area in northern Thailand, also consistent with those in Jinghong area of southwestern Yunnan. This indicates that the Chiang Rai arc-volcanic zone might northwardly link to the Lancangjiang volcanic zone in southwestern China.

Keywords volcanic rocks geochemistry zircon U-Pb age early Middle Triassic Chiang Khong northwestern Thailand

Corresponding Author(s): FENG Qinglai,Email:qinglaifeng@cug.edu.cn

Issue Date: 05 December 2013

Cite this article:

Xin QIAN,Qinglai FENG,Chongpan CHONGLAKMANI, et al. Geochemical and geochronological constrains on the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks (northwestern Thailand) and its tectonic implications[J]. Front Earth Sci, 2013, 7(4): 508-521.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-013-0399-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2013/V7/I4/508

Fig.1 Skeptically geological map of the Chiang Khong volcanic zone in NW Thailand (revised after and ). YP: Yangtze Plate; SB: Simao Block; LB: Lincang Block; BB: Baoshan Block; TB: Tengchong Block; Abe: Ailaoshan belt; Lbe: Lancangjiang belt; Cbe: Changning-Menglian belt; Nbe: Nujiang belt; IB: Indochina Block; ST: Sukhothai terrane; IT: Inthanon terrane; SiB: Sibumasu Block; LS: Loei suture; NS: Nan suture; Clbe: Chiang Kong –Lampang–Tak belt; CS: Chiang Mai suture; YS: Yuam suture.

Fig.2 Geographic map showing the Chiang Khong volcanic zone (a) and geological map of the Chiang Khong–Thoeng area (b) (revised after ; ; ).

Sample	Doi Yao zone	Doi Khun Ta Khuan zone					Chiang Khong area
Major oxide/wt.%	TL-1-B1	TL-1-B2	TL-30-B1	TL-30-B2	TL-30-B3	TL-30-B4	TL-30-B5	TL-32-1	TL-32-2	TL-32-3
SiO₂	59.01	60.04	67.08	71.77	73.18	68.67	79.07	74.65	79.95	83.20
TiO₂	1.04	1.02	0.64	0.57	0.52	0.74	0.53	0.43	0.14	0.14
Al₂O₃	15.40	15.20	15.83	13.01	13.16	15.04	10.26	13.55	10.18	8.59
Fe₂O₃^T	8.65	8.49	4.84	5.14	3.02	4.42	2.03	2.03	0.53	0.50
MgO	2.40	2.17	0.95	0.70	0.35	0.45	0.20	0.07	0.07	0.15
CaO	5.17	4.80	0.83	0.81	1.69	0.62	1.71	0.17	0.10	0.08
Na₂O	3.36	3.45	3.15	3.33	5.30	3.23	4.14	6.26	0.19	0.11
K₂O	2.52	2.46	4.41	2.71	0.86	3.59	0.21	1.90	7.50	5.86
MnO	0.14	0.13	0.07	0.07	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01
P₂O₅	0.25	0.25	0.18	0.14	0.11	0.18	0.14	0.02	0.01	0.01
LOI	2.04	1.86	1.88	1.46	1.46	2.54	1.64	0.50	0.76	0.76
Total	99.98	99.87	99.86	99.71	99.69	99.70	99.95	99.59	99.44	99.41
element/ppm
Sc	22.68	22.83	14.21	12.00	10.46	14.63	9.02	10.30	3.06	2.59
Co	39.14	35.32	14.42	25.65	25.07	18.62	37.83	27.62	52.65	38.30
Rb	78.94	71.96	158.9	90.17	30.24	157.4	6.34	30.90	251.1	251.7
Sr	448	413	96	101	374	176	298	39.4	43.5	25.6
Zr	150	146	218	188	173	238	182	235	87	76
Nb	7.90	10.42	12.41	15.91	9.76	17.94	10.28	12.44	7.55	5.44
Hf	4.68	4.43	6.03	5.08	4.70	6.38	4.88	6.36	2.79	2.38
Ta	0.81	1.00	1.04	1.40	0.65	1.22	0.91	0.85	0.77	0.65
Th	7.41	6.91	11.07	13.08	10.41	16.67	9.78	8.75	11.96	11.02
Ba	531	523	1378	753	195	1460	50.2	309	1299	593
Cr	5.4	4.94	5.1	6.5	2.9	4.8	6.03	3.16	3.45	4.02
Ni	0.51	0.69	0.31	1.14	1.03	0.14	1.65	1.58	4.36	3.08
La	23.09	21.75	26.05	20.93	38.97	22.13	22.84	83.77	26.95	18.97
Ce	44.56	41.64	53.77	43.10	57.57	41.10	35.36	77.50	22.98	25.97
Pr	5.65	5.56	6.74	6.11	7.41	5.71	5.51	18.62	4.79	3.65
Nd	22.97	21.82	25.91	23.97	28.00	22.59	21.46	73.13	15.52	11.75
Sm	4.64	4.55	4.82	4.75	5.05	4.51	4.32	13.15	2.66	1.76
Eu	1.30	1.26	0.97	0.86	1.08	0.87	0.82	3.32	0.52	0.46
Gd	4.66	4.29	4.62	4.60	5.23	5.11	4.43	14.38	2.43	1.42
Tb	0.73	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.79	0.80	0.73	2.10	0.39	0.21
Dy	4.33	4.46	4.55	4.45	4.60	5.09	4.13	11.20	2.16	1.29
Ho	0.90	0.89	0.93	1.00	0.95	1.10	0.84	2.03	0.43	0.25
Er	2.39	2.43	2.82	2.81	2.65	3.32	2.48	5.26	1.25	0.78
Tm	0.36	0.37	0.47	0.47	0.42	0.56	0.39	0.79	0.22	0.14
Yb	2.29	2.27	3.04	3.11	2.76	3.71	2.52	4.95	1.40	1.02
Lu	0.37	0.35	0.50	0.49	0.44	0.63	0.41	0.74	0.23	0.18
Y	23.43	23.11	25.99	26.41	25.45	31.67	23.15	58.56	12.12	7.43
Eu/Eu*	0.85	0.86	0.62	0.55	0.64	0.56	0.56	0.74	0.61	0.87
La_N/Yb_N	7.24	6.89	6.14	4.83	10.11	4.28	6.49	12.13	13.81	13.34
Gd_N/Yb_N	1.69	1.57	1.25	1.23	1.57	1.14	1.45	2.40	1.43	1.15
Nb_N/La_N	0.33	0.46	0.46	0.73	0.24	0.78	0.43	0.14	0.27	0.28

Tab.1 Major and trace element analytical data for the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks in NW Thailand

Spot no.	Concentration/ppm				Isotope ratio						Calculated apparent age/Ma
	Pb	Th	U	Th/U	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U
					Ratio	1σ	Ratio	1σ	Ratio	1σ	Age	1σ	Age	1σ	Age	1σ
TL-1-B-1	127	580	1384	0.42	0.05759	0.00343	0.30353	0.01901	0.03749	0.00055	514	112	269	15	237	3
TL-1-B-2	141	854	1534	0.56	0.05049	0.00305	0.2635	0.01584	0.03728	0.00065	218	106	237	13	236	4
TL-1-B-3	118	678	1184	0.57	0.05364	0.00393	0.2807	0.01956	0.03809	0.00062	356	129	251	16	241	4
TL-1-B-4	103	573	1023	0.56	0.05503	0.00429	0.2857	0.0226	0.03785	0.00063	413	149	255	18	239	4
TL-1-B-5	138	322	2426	0.13	0.05398	0.00227	0.33593	0.01498	0.04426	0.00071	370	72	294	11	279	4
TL-1-B-6	165	412	1808	0.23	0.05346	0.00249	0.4032	0.01892	0.05406	0.00108	348	70	344	14	339	7
TL-1-B-7	147	821	1299	0.63	0.05312	0.00349	0.29414	0.01929	0.03926	0.00065	334	119	262	15	248	4
TL-1-B-8	99.6	66.7	2608	0.03	0.05303	0.00304	0.2877	0.01541	0.03896	0.00063	330	92	257	12	246	4
TL-1-B-9	68.2	308	480	0.64	0.04977	0.00673	0.30337	0.04044	0.04421	0.00102	184	279	269	32	279	6
TL-1-B-10	129.8	125	1887	0.07	0.05601	0.0032	0.47809	0.0243	0.06191	0.0016	453	130	397	17	387	10
TL-1-B-11	250	1309	2548	0.51	0.05108	0.00417	0.27475	0.02176	0.03901	0.00078	244	187	246	17	247	5
TL-1-B-12	153	363	1900	0.19	0.06013	0.00328	0.36463	0.01832	0.04375	0.00073	608	79	316	14	276	5
TL-1-B-13	63.4	288	550	0.52	0.06269	0.00521	0.37939	0.02728	0.04637	0.00101	698	116	327	20	292	6
TL-31-B-1	87	408	530	0.77	0.0557	0.00398	0.30665	0.02121	0.04005	0.00067	440	125	272	16	253	4
TL-31-B-2	63	318	381	0.83	0.04605	0.00474	0.23233	0.02361	0.03659	0.00062	994	134	212	19	232	4
TL-31-B-3	79	383	434	0.88	0.05367	0.00786	0.27863	0.04033	0.03765	0.00085	357	321	250	32	238	5
TL-31-B-4	392	2186	3704	0.59	0.05093	0.0017	0.27147	0.00876	0.03839	0.00039	238	55	244	7	243	2
TL-31-B-5	407	2388	3664	0.65	0.0525	0.00191	0.28224	0.01029	0.03857	0.00042	307	63	252	8	244	3
TL-31-B-6	43	199	296	0.67	0.06007	0.01027	0.30073	0.05082	0.03631	0.00093	606	381	267	40	230	6
TL-31-B-7	36	200	312	0.64	0.05708	0.00396	0.29433	0.01998	0.0374	0.00083	495	110	262	16	237	5
TL-31-B-8	35	193	288	0.67	0.07285	0.00561	0.35124	0.02401	0.03668	0.00082	1010	102	306	18	232	5
TL-31-B-9	72	357	808	0.44	0.05526	0.00326	0.28718	0.01603	0.0385	0.00065	423	95	256	13	244	4
TL-31-B-10	72	355	678	0.52	0.06204	0.00341	0.33064	0.01689	0.03895	0.00062	676	82	290	13	246	4
TL-31-B-11	32	173	270	0.64	0.07711	0.00681	0.39024	0.03113	0.03816	0.00085	1124	124	335	23	241	5
TL-31-B-12	54	264	390	0.68	0.05003	0.00516	0.27841	0.02807	0.04036	0.00086	196	231	249	22	255	5
TL-31-B-13	218	1285	1675	0.77	0.05075	0.0024	0.26806	0.01148	0.03854	0.00058	230	71	241	9	244	4
TL-31-B-14	236	1277	1451	0.88	0.05683	0.00292	0.3098	0.01476	0.03994	0.00057	485	80	274	11	252	4
TL-31-B-15	77	365	828	0.44	0.05214	0.00274	0.26603	0.01402	0.03762	0.00081	292	81	240	11	238	5
TL-31-B-16	147	930	1027	0.91	0.05044	0.00262	0.259	0.01342	0.03708	0.00055	215	92	234	11	235	3
TL-31-B-17	52	261	341	0.77	0.05604	0.00879	0.28608	0.04342	0.03702	0.00148	454	348	255	34	234	9
TL-31-B-18	46	302	351	0.86	0.07178	0.00581	0.35837	0.03343	0.03608	0.00074	980	159	311	25	229	5
TL-31-B-19	191	990	2020	0.49	0.05034	0.00189	0.27506	0.00989	0.03933	0.00046	211	62	247	8	249	3
TL-31-B-20	508	3194	2910	1.1	0.05269	0.00178	0.27647	0.00861	0.03787	0.00042	315	50	248	7	240	3
TL-31-B-21	183	905	1824	0.5	0.05035	0.00299	0.26063	0.01508	0.03755	0.00051	211	138	235	12	238	3
TL-32-B1-1	5035	626	963	0.65	0.10326	0.00231	4.44571	0.10715	0.31047	0.00368	1683	27	1721	20	1743	18
TL-32-B1-2	3850	1017	1387	0.73	0.10656	0.00235	4.43805	0.10117	0.30006	0.00281	1741	28	1719	19	1692	14
TL-32-B1-3	5551	240	707	0.34	0.11502	0.00261	5.58227	0.13105	0.3499	0.00374	1880	27	1913	20	1934	18
TL-32-B1-4	4679	487	715	0.68	0.09849	0.00416	3.78039	0.15149	0.27838	0.00375	1596	81	1589	32	1583	19
TL-32-B1-5	4142	373	548	0.68	0.11304	0.00304	4.75014	0.13315	0.3026	0.00345	1849	34	1776	24	1704	17
TL-32-B1-6	2203	510	1380	0.37	0.05647	0.00215	0.29093	0.01143	0.03715	0.00043	471	66	259	9	235	3
TL-32-B1-7	6512	301	484	0.62	0.04605	0.00441	0.24228	0.02296	0.03816	0.00051	2045	200	220	19	241	3
TL-32-B1-8	4221	588	811	0.73	0.04605	0.00296	0.23382	0.0147	0.03683	0.00051	455	141	213	12	233	3
TL-32-B1-9	4028	1818	1790	1.02	0.06689	0.00269	0.35178	0.01258	0.03855	0.00047	834	54	306	9	244	3
TL-32-B1-10	1949	964	955	1.01	0.05123	0.00277	0.26817	0.01347	0.03821	0.00058	251	88	241	11	242	4
TL-32-B1-11	5369	778	2306	0.34	0.08502	0.00235	3.02011	0.07978	0.25334	0.0026	1316	35	1413	20	1456	13
TL-32-B1-12	3651	972	806	1.21	0.05529	0.00282	0.28598	0.01403	0.03727	0.00052	424	84	255	11	236	3
TL-32-B1-13	3894	555	916	0.61	0.09471	0.0024	3.50416	0.08907	0.26441	0.00295	1522	31	1528	20	1512	15
TL-32-B1-14	4305	511	675	0.76	0.05445	0.00532	0.29075	0.0279	0.03872	0.00072	390	224	259	22	245	4
TL-32-B1-15	3611	261	524	0.50	0.04901	0.00286	0.24947	0.01389	0.03706	0.00053	148	100	226	11	235	3
TL-32-B1-16	6680	664	2392	0.28	0.08973	0.00201	2.84084	0.06567	0.22693	0.00285	1420	25	1366	17	1318	15

Tab.2 LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb data for the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks in NW Thailand

Fig.3 Cathodoluminescence images (CL) of the representative gains for the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks in NW Thailand.

Fig.4 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams for representative samples from the Chiang Khong volcanic zone in NW Thailand.

Fig.5 SiO versus TiO (a), AlO (b), (c), MgO (d), CaO (e), PO (f), MnO (g) and NaO+KO (h) for the Chiang Khong volcanic zone in NW Thailand.

Fig.6 TAS (a), Zr/TiO-Nb/Y (b) and AFM (c) diagrams for the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks in NW Thailand, original map are from , and , respectively.

Fig.7 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized multielement spider diagram (b) for the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks in NW Thailand. N-MORB, E-MORB, OIB, chondrite and primitive mantle are from

Fig.8 Geochemical discrimination diagrams for the Chiang Khong volcanic rocks in NW Thailand. Th/Ta-Yb (a) (); Nb/Yb-Th/Yb (b) (); Rb-(Y+Nb) (c) and Nb-Y (d) ().

Fig.9 Geological map of the arc-volcanic zones in NW Thailand and SW China.

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