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Frontiers of Earth Science

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Front. Earth Sci.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (3) : 526-542    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-021-0934-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ecological security pattern-based simulation for land use structure change: a case study in Ezhou City, China
Jing YE(), Zhijie HOU, Haiyan MING, Yehuai CHENG
Department of Land Resource Management, School of public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430079, China
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Abstract

The ecological environment quality is an important constraint and an optimization objective for land resource allocation. Integrating ecological service value (ESV) accounting and ecological security pattern (ESP) delineation, and combining with the land use structure of 2004/2010/2016 in Ezhou City, this research laid out the urban ESP based on ESV with Net Primary Productivity (NPP), and made it as the main influence factor to simulate land use structure in 2022. The results indicated that: 1) The water body has the biggest contribution to ESV, while the construction land has the minimum; 2) 91 ecological corridors are extracted, of which 28 were important ecological corridors; there were 36 ecological nodes extracted, including 17 important nodes; 3) According to ESV, Ezhou City was divided into four security zones. The area of ecological restoration zone was the largest, and human activity core zone area was the smallest; 4) In the no ESP protection scenarios and ESP protection scenarios separately, the net increase area of construction land is from 868.5 hm2 to 52.74 hm2 in the ecological core protection area; the construction land in the human activity core area has been increased by 2342.31 hm2 in protected scene, 766.23 hm2 more than that of the unprotected scene. The results show that the division of security zones promoted the relocation of construction land from ecological protection core zone to human activity core zone, which can protect the ecological environment effectively, and the ESP-based simulation can provide the decision-making reference to coordinate the relationship of regional land resource allocation and the ecological environment protection.
Keywords simulation of land use structure      Net Primary Productivity      ecological security pattern      ecosystem service value      Ezhou City     
Corresponding Author(s): Jing YE   
Online First Date: 23 December 2021    Issue Date: 17 January 2022
 Cite this article:   
Jing YE,Zhijie HOU,Haiyan MING, et al. Ecological security pattern-based simulation for land use structure change: a case study in Ezhou City, China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2021, 15(3): 526-542.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-021-0934-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2021/V15/I3/526
Fig.1  Geographic location of the study area.
Land use type Current land classification standards in China
Cultivated land Paddy fields, dry fields, irrigated fields
Garden land Orchards, tea gardens, other gardens
Woodland Woodlands, shrub woodlands, other woodlands
Water area River, lake, reservoir, pond, coastal beach, inland beach, ditch
Construction land Cities, towns, villages, mining land, scenic spots and special land, railway land, road land, streets and lanes land, airport land, port land, pipeline transport land, hydraulic construction land
Others Natural grassland, artificial grassland, other grassland, rural roads, idle land, agricultural land for facilities, sand, bare land (as the grassland area is very small and the area is idle most of the time in this region, we classify the grassland into others land type.)
Tab.1  Land use types and their correspondence with current land classification standards in China
Fig.2  The flowchart of the study with key techniques and working procedure.
Ecological source area Nature reserves Scenic spots Forest parks Wetland parks Drinking water sources area Important waters Ecological forests
Area 12.38 2.31 9.61 4.12 26.81 317.16 89.29
Tab.2  The ecological source area of Ezhou City in 2016 (unit: km2)
Index Classification Resistance value Weight
Slope/(° ) <2 1 0.15
2?6 2
6?15 3
15?25 4
>25 5
Altitude/m <50 1 0.11
50?85 2
85?140 3
140?240 4
>240 5
Distance to water area/m <200 1 0.14
200?400 2
400?600 3
600?800 4
>800 5
Distance to construction land/m <500 5 0.17
500?1000 4
1000?2000 3
2000?4000 2
>4000 1
Distance to township center/m <500 1 0.21
500?1000 2
1000?2000 3
2000?4000 4
>4000 5
Distance to road/m <500 5 0.22
500?1000 4
1000?2000 3
2000?4000 2
>4000 1
Tab.3  The classification score and weight of resistance factor
Fig.3  Sampling point data of total N, P and K contents in soil in Ezhou City.
Fig.4  Images of the land use status in (a) 2004, (b) 2010, and (c) 2016.
Land use type Area in 2004/km2 Gain/Loss between 2004 and 2010/% Gain/Loss between 2010 and 2016/%
Cultivated land 651.44 −23.31 −18.59
Garden plots 11.02 −1.58 −0.86
Forest land 171.58 −20.94 −17.42
Construction land 195.69 38.58 58.26
Water area 534.19 7.69 −20.22
Others 32.55 −0.44 −1.17
Tab.4  Area changes of different land use types in the Ezhou City from 2004 to 2016
Fig.5  NPP distribution map of Ezhou City in 2016.
Fig.6  ESV distribution map of Ezhou City in 2016.
Current land use types Raw material production Gas regulation Nutrient cycling Climate regulation Ecological environmental purification Hydrological regulation value Soil formation and protection Biodiversity maintenance Recreational and culture Globalvalue
Cultivated land 0.2312 0.3321 0.1934 0.3513 0.1623 2.3217 0.2471 0.1714 0.0286 4.0391
Garden plots 0.3025 0.3943 0.2271 0.5122 0.1021 1.6118 0.3118 0.2429 0.0874 3.7921
Forest land 0.3913 0.6116 0.1910 0.7121 0.1151 1.7213 0.6757 0.7580 0.3496 5.5257
Construction land 0.1421 0.1631 0.0511 0.2010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5573
Water area 0.2214 0.1548 0.0653 0.2243 2.3690 3.9822 0.0689 0.5765 0.7463 8.4087
Others 0.2319 0.3410 0.1162 0.3531 0.0123 1.3713 0.2025 0.1908 0.0933 2.9124
Tab.5  ESV of various types of land use in Ezhou City in 2016 (yuan·(m2·yr)−1)
Fig.7  Ecological corridor and ecological node in Ezhou city.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 993.19 2476.78 1068.34 505.44 217.45 960.06 392.48 213.61 127.84 576.04 117.36 186.07 335.86
2 1372.09 739.66 1205.51 944.06 2000.12 1040.56 632.75 321.64 545.85 104.00 168.21 1097.58
3 5257.06 2934.49 231.62 3024.47 933.883 260.01 218.56 1179.4 182.15 312.95 344.657
4 1150.55 280.82 3886.68 1164.07 314.75 266.31 2961 331.3 663.48 314.576
5 159.85 3715 893.931 170.97 155.43 536.5 82.68 142.1 205.878
6 970.934 838.455 3715.1 674.96 293.66 57.899 92.695 1727.81
7 19104.3 1026.7 1129.3 3151.9 384.05 702.25 801.679
8 863.55 1317.5 1037.2 152.55 265.55 585.882
9 1603.1 332.16 66.735 106.23 3908.26
10 270.34 50.221 81.839 608.277
11 2328.3 8261.7 346.316
12 774.03 76.2069
13
14		 117.967
Tab.6  The interaction matrix among different sources based on Gravity model
Fig.8  Cumulative resistance distribution map of Ezhou City in 2016.
Fig.9  ESP map of Ezhou City in 2016.
Cultivated land Garden plots Forest land Construction land Water area Others
Cultivated land 0.5728 0.0091 0.0596 0.1553 0.1830 0.0202
Garden plots 0.4030 0.0499 0.1074 0.3206 0.1009 0.0182
Forest land 0.2738 0.0168 0.4696 0.0771 0.0599 0.1028
Construction land 0.1256 0.0062 0.0678 0.6807 0.1034 0.0163
Water area 0.2315 0.0021 0.0260 0.0727 0.6599 0.0078
Others 0.3868 0.0052 0.1512 0.1186 0.2965 0.0417
Tab.7  Transfer probability matrix table of Land use types for the period 2004–2010
Fig.10  Two scenarios for simulation in 2022: (a) NO ESP protection scenario; (b) ESP protection scenario.
Simulation scenarios Ecological core protected zone Ecological buffer zone Ecological restoration zone Human activity core zone
NO ESP protection scenario 868.50 2860.29 4972.23 1576.08
ESP protection scenarios −52.74 3378.21 4609.32 2342.31
Tab.8  Net increase of construction land in the two scenarios in Ezhou City in 2022 (Unit: hm2)
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