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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front Envir Sci Eng Chin    0, Vol. Issue () : 585-596    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-010-0289-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Quantification of energy related industrial eco-efficiency of China
Jiansu MAO1(), Yanchun DU1, Linyu XU1, Yong ZENG2
1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, China Petroleum University, Beijing 102249, China
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Abstract

Improving eco-efficiency is propitious for saving resources and reducing emissions, and has become a popular route to sustainable development. We define two energy-related eco-efficiencies: energy efficiency (ENE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-related eco-efficiency (GEE) using energy consumption and the associated GHG emissions as the environmental impacts. Using statistical data, we analyze China’s energy consumption and GHG emissions by industrial subsystem and sector, and estimate the ENE and GEE values for China in 2007 as 4.871×107?US$/PJ and 4.26×108 US$/TgCO2eq, respectively. Industry is the primary contributing subsystem of China’s economy, contributing 45.2% to the total economic production, using 79.6% of the energy consumed, and generating 91.4% of the total GHG emissions. We distinguish the individual contributions of the 39 industrial sectors to the national economy, overall energy consumption, and GHG emissions, and estimate their energy-related eco-efficiencies. The results show that although ferrous metal production contributes only 3.5% to the national industrial economy, it consumes the most industrial energy (20% of total), contributes 16% to the total industrial global warming potential (GWP), and ranks third in GHG emissions. The power and heat sector ranks first in GHG emissions and contributes one-third of the total industrial GWP, although it only consumes about 8% of total industrial energy and, like ferrous metal production, contributes 3.5% to the national economy. The ENE of the ferrous metal and power and heat sectors are only 8 and 2.1×107 US$/PJ, while the GEE for these two sectors are 9 and 4×104 US$/GgCO2eq, respectively; these are nearly the lowest ENE and GEE values among all 39 industry sectors. Finally, we discuss the possibility of eco-efficiency improvement through a comparison with other countries.
Keywords eco-efficiency      greenhouse gas (GHG)      global warming potential (GWP)      industrial sectors      energy saving     
Corresponding Author(s): MAO Jiansu,Email:maojs@bnu.edu.cn   
Issue Date: 05 December 2011
 Cite this article:   
Jiansu MAO,Yanchun DU,Linyu XU, et al. Quantification of energy related industrial eco-efficiency of China[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng Chin, 0, (): 585-596.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-010-0289-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/585
codename of industrial category
primary industryAagriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery
secondary industryindustryBmining
Cmanufacturing
Delectric power, gas and water production and supply
constructionEconstruction
tertiary industryFtransport,storage and post
Ginformation transfer, computer services and software
Hwholesale and retial trades
Ihotels and catering services
Jfinancial intermediation
Kreal estate
Lleasing and business services
Mscientific research, technical service and geologic prospecting
Nmanagement of water conservancy, environment and public facilities
Oresident services and other services
Peducation
Qsanitation, social security and social welfare
Rculture, sports and entertainment
Spublic management and social organization
Tinternational organization
Tab.1  Summary of the national industrial economic classification of China
Fig.1  Conceptual framework showing relationship between national industrial system and its environment (note: sys=system)
energyconversion factor to coal equivalent a)conversion factor to joule
coal0.715 kgce/kg b)20.955 MJ/kg
coke0.971 kgce/kg28.470 MJ/kg
crude oil1.429 kgce/kg41.869 MJ/kg
gasoline1.471 kgce/kg43.124 MJ/kg
kerosene1.471 kgce/kg43.124 MJ/kg
diesel oil1.457 kgce/kg42.705 MJ/kg
fuel oil1.4296 kgce/kg41.869 MJ/kg
natural gas1.33 kgce/m338.980 MJ/m3
electricity0.123 kgce/(kW·h)3.602 MJ/(kW·h)
Tab.2  Factors used to convert energy sources from physical units to coal equivalent and joules
energyCO2 /(MgCO2/TJ)CH4/(kgCH4/TJ)N2O/(kgN2O/TJ)
coal98.311.5
coke10711.5
crude oil73.330.6
gasoline70.030.6
kerosene71.930.6
diesel oil74.130.6
fuel oil77.430.6
natural gas56.110.1
electricity000
Tab.3  Greenhouse gas emission factors associated with combustion of various fuels
data namedata sourceresponsible agency (data compilation) / data estimation method
economic productionChina Statistical Yearbook, 2008National Bureau of Statistics of China
energy (or fuel) consumptionChina Energy Statistical Yearbook 2008Department of Industry and Transport Statistics. National Bureau of Statistics, People’s Republic of China. Energy Bureau National Development and Reform Commission. People’s Republic of China
type of fuelsChina Energy Statistical Yearbook 2008Department of Industry and Transport Statistics. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Energy Bureau National Development and Reform Commission of China
GWP of industrial sectorscalculatedEq. (10)
ratio of economic productioncalculatedratio of the economic production of a certain industry (or industrial sector) to the total , i.e., Gi/G
ratio of energy consumptioncalculatedratio of the energy consumption of a certain industry (or industrial sector) to the total , i.e., Ei/E
ratio of GWPcalculatedratio of the GWP of a certain industry (or industrial sector) to the total , i.e., Qi/Q
ENEcalculatedEq. (4) for sub-industrial systems or industrial sectors, Eq. (5) for national industrial system
GEEcalculatedEq. (7) for sub-industrial systems or industrial sectors, Eq. (8) for national industrial system
Tab.4  data sources and data estimation methods
itemsprimaryindustryconstructiontertiary
ratio of economic productiona) / %10.8445.165.4138.60
ratio of energy consumption / %3.4779.301.6915.20
ratio of GWP / %1.4891.410.416.70
Tab.5  Contribution by industrial subsystems to the total at economic production, energy consumption and GWP of China in 2007
Fig.2  Eco-efficiencies of China’s main industrial subsystems in 2007
Fig.3  Contributions from industry sectors to China’s total industrial economic production, energy consumption, and GWP in 2007
codename of sectorscodename of sectors
CMWmining and washing of coalMEMmanufacture of medicines
PGXextraction of petroleum and natural gasCFMmanufacture of chemical fibres
FMMmining and processing of ferrous metal oresRUMmanufacture of rubber
NFMmining and processing of non-ferrous metal oresPLMmanufacture of plastics
NOMmining and processing of non-metal oresNMMmanufacture of non-metallic mineral products
OOMmining of other oresFMSsmelting and pressing of ferrous metals
AFPprocessing of food from agricultural productsNFSsmelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals
FOMmanufacture of foodsMPMmanufacture of metal products
BEMmanufacture of beveragesGMMmanufacture of general purpose machinery
TOMmanufacture of tobaccoSMMmanufacture of special purpose machinery
TXMmanufacture of textilesTRMmanufacture of transport equipment
TWMmanufacture of textile wearing apparel, footware and capsEEMmanufacture of electrical machinery and equipment
LFMmanufacture of leather, fur, feather and related productsCEMmanufacture of communication equipment, computers and other electronic equipment
WBPprocessing of timber, manufacture of wood, bamboo, rattan, palm, and straw productsICMmanufacture of measuring instruments and machinery for cultural activity and office work
FNMmanufacture of furnitureARMmanufacture of artwork and other manufacturing
PAMmanufacture of paper and paper productsWRDrecycling and disposal of waste
RMPprinting, reproduction of recording mediaEHPproduction and supply of electric power and heat power
ARMmanufacture of articles for culture, education and sport activitiesGPSproduction and supply of gas
FUPprocessing of petroleum, coking, processing of nuclear fuelWPSproduction and supply of water
CMMmanufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products
Tab.6  Industry sector codes
Fig.4  Ratio of industry sector contribution to China’s 2007 industrial totals from highest to lowest for (a) economic product, (b) energy consumption, (c) GWP.
Fig.5  Eco-efficiencies from highest to lowest for China’s industry sectors in 2007
itemsunitcountry
United StatesJapanCanadaChinaMexicoIndia
GDP a)thousand 2000 US$10995.804994.13822.391889.90636.16644.1
populationa)106296.68127.7632.31304.50105.31094.60
CO2 emissionsb)MMTCO25974.001250.006295429.004031192.00
TPES/GDPa)toe per thousand 2000 US$0.2130.1060.3310.910.2780.83
CO 2emissions per capitac)MTCO2/ca.20.149.7819.474.163.831.09
ratio1/%d)4.842.354.6810.920.26
ENEc)thousand 2000 US$ per ton4.699.433.021.13.61.2
ratio2/%e)4.278.582.7513.271.1
GEEc)Thousand 2000US$/MMTCO21.8441.310.351.580.54
ratio3/%f)5.2911.483.7614.531.56
Tab.7  Comparison of energy-related eco-efficiencies among several countries in 2005
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