Synthesis, physicochemical characterizations and catalytic performance of Pd/carbon-zeolite and Pd/carbon-CeO<sub>2</sub> nanocatalysts used for total oxidation of xylene at low temperatures

doi:10.1007/s11783-013-0520-5

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Issue () : 365-381 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0520-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Synthesis, physicochemical characterizations and catalytic performance of Pd/carbon-zeolite and Pd/carbon-CeO₂ nanocatalysts used for total oxidation of xylene at low temperatures

Zeinab JAMALZADEH^1,2, Mohammad HAGHIGHI^1,2(

), Nazli ASGARI^1,2

1. Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz 5331711111, Iran; 2. Reactor and Catalysis Research Center (RCRC), Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz 5331711111, Iran

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Abstract

In this work, xylene removal from waste gas streams was investigated via catalytic oxidation over Pd/carbon-zeolite and Pd/carbon-CeO₂ nanocatalysts. Activated carbon was obtained from pine cone chemically activated using ZnCl₂ and modified by H₃PO₄. Natural zeolite of clinoptilolite was modified by acid treatment with HCl, while nano-ceria was synthesized via redox method. Mixed supports of carbon-zeolite and carbon-ceria were prepared and palladium was dispersed over them via impregnation method. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TG) techniques. Characterization of nanocatalysts revealed a good morphology with an average particle size in a nano range, and confirmed the formation of nano-ceria with an average crystallite size below 60 nm. BET analysis indicated a considerable surface area for catalysts (~1000 m²·g^-1). FTIR patterns demonstrated that the surface groups of synthesized catalysts are in good agreement with the patterns of materials applied in catalyst synthesis. The performance of catalysts was assessed in a low-pressure catalytic oxidation pilot in the temperature range of 100°C–250°C. According to the reaction data, the synthesized catalysts have been shown to be so advantageous in the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), representing high catalytic performance of 98% for the abatement of xylene at 250°C. Furthermore, a reaction network is proposed for catalytic oxidation of xylene over nanocatalysts.

Keywords Pd/carbon-CeO₂ Pd/carbon-zeolite pine cone ZnCl₂ catalytic oxidation xylene

Corresponding Author(s): HAGHIGHI Mohammad,Email:haghighi@sut.ac.ir

Issue Date: 01 June 2013

Cite this article:

Zeinab JAMALZADEH,Mohammad HAGHIGHI,Nazli ASGARI. Synthesis, physicochemical characterizations and catalytic performance of Pd/carbon-zeolite and Pd/carbon-CeO₂ nanocatalysts used for total oxidation of xylene at low temperatures[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 0, (): 365-381.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-013-0520-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/365

Fig.1 Schematic flow chart for the preparation steps of supports (a) activated carbon (AC), (b) HCl activated zeolite (AZ) and (c) nano-CeO (NC)

Fig.2 Experimental setup for synthesis of activated carbon from pine cone via ZnCl activation

Fig.3 Schematic flow chart for the preparation steps of nanostructured catalysts: (a) Pd/carbon-zeolite (PCZ) and (b) Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC)

Fig.4 Experimental setup for testing catalytic performance of synthesized nanostructured catalysts: Pd/carbon-zeolite (PCZ) and Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC)

Fig.5 XRD patterns of synthesized activated carbons via ZnCl activation at various impregnation ratios of activation agent to dry precursor (wt/wt): (a) ZnCl/pinecone= 1 (AC1), (b) ZnCl/pinecone= 1.5 (AC1.5) and (c) ZnCl/pinecone= 2 (AC2)

Fig.6 FESEM images of synthesized activated carbons via ZnCl activation at various impregnation ratios of activation agent to dry precursor (wt/wt): (a) ZnCl/Pinecone= 1 (AC1), (b) ZnCl/Pinecone= 1.5 (AC1.5) and (c) ZnCl/Pinecone= 2 (AC2)

Tab.1 Estimation of crystallite size of synthesized nanostructured catalysts: Pd/carbon-zeolite (PCZ) and Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC)

Fig.7 XRD patterns of (a) synthesized activated carbon (AC), (b) HCl activated zeolite (AZ), (c) synthesized nano-CeO (NC), (d) Pd/carbon-zeolite (PCZ) and (e) Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC)

Fig.8 FESEM images of (a) synthesized activated carbon (AC), (b) HCl activated zeolite (AZ), (c) synthesized nano-CeO (NC), (d) Pd/carbon-zeolite (PCZ) and (e) Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC)

Fig.9 Particle size histogram of (a) synthesized nano-CeO (NC) and (b) Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC) nanocatalyst

Fig.10 Specific surface area of synthesized supports and nanostructured catalysts

Fig.11 FTIR spectrums of (a) synthesized activated carbon (AC), (b) HCl activated zeolite (AZ), (c) synthesized nano-CeO (NC), (d) Pd/carbon-zeolite (PCZ) and (e) Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC)

Fig.12 TG-DTG spectrums of (a) synthesized activated carbon (AC), (b) HCl activated zeolite (AZ), (c) synthesized nano-CeO (NC), (d) Pd/carbon-zeolite (PCZ) and (e) Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC)

Fig.13 Oxidation performance of nanostructured catalysts at different temperatures

Fig.14

Fig.15 Reaction mechanism for total oxidation of xylene over nanostructured catalysts: (a) Pd/carbon-zeolite (PCZ) and (b) Pd/carbon-CeO (PCC)

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