Vanadium metabolism investigation using substance flow and scenario analysis

doi:10.1007/s11783-013-0585-1

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2014, Vol. 8

Issue (2) : 256-266 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0585-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Vanadium metabolism investigation using substance flow and scenario analysis

Fangfang ZHANG^1,², Huiquan LI¹(

), Bo CHEN¹, Xue GUAN¹, Yi ZHANG¹

¹. Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
². Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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Abstract

Vanadium is a vital strategic resource, and vanadium metabolism is an important part of the national socio-economic system of China. This study conducts accounting and scenario analysis on the life cycle of vanadium metabolism in China. Based on the characteristics of vanadium life cycle and substance flow analysis (SFA) framework, we present a quantitative evaluation of a static anthropogenic vanadium life cycle for the year 2010. Results show that anthropogenic vanadium consumption, stocks, and new domestic scrap are at 98.2, 21.2, and 4.1 kt, respectively; new scrap is usually discarded. The overall utilization ratio of vanadium is 32.2%. A large amount of vanadium is stockpiled into tailings, debris, slags, and other spent solids. A scenario analysis was conducted to analyze the future developmental trend of vanadium metabolism in China based on the SFA framework and the qualitative analysis of technology advancement and socio-economic development. The baseline year was set as 2010. Several indicators were proposed to simulate different scenarios from 2010 to 2030. The scenario analysis indicates that the next 20 years is a critical period for the vanadium industry in China. This paper discusses relevant policies that contribute to the improvement of sustainable vanadium utilization in China.

Keywords metabolism vanadium industry substance flow analysis scenario analysis

Corresponding Author(s): Huiquan LI

Issue Date: 01 April 2014

Cite this article:

Fangfang ZHANG,Huiquan LI,Bo CHEN, et al. Vanadium metabolism investigation using substance flow and scenario analysis[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(2): 256-266.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-013-0585-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2014/V8/I2/256

Fig.1 Vanadium output

Fig.2 Vanadium production process

Fig.3 Schematic diagram for the anthropogenic vanadium life cycle

Fig.4 Framework of scenario analysis

Fig.5 SFA result of vanadium metabolism in 2010

	basic case	primary scenario	intermediate scenario	advanced scenario
product structure	The vanadium consumption for industries concerning iron and steel, alloys, and chemicals will be 90%, 7%, and 3%, respectively.	The reliance of the vanadium industry on the steel industry will decline to 80% in 2025, then to approximately 70% after 2030. The percentage of vanadium products applicable in the chemical and titanium alloy industry will not change, whereas an increase of 20% at most will occur in the energy storage industry after 2020.	The reliance of the vanadium industry on the steel industry will decline to 70% in 2020, then to approximately 55% after 2030. The percentage of vanadium products applicable in the chemical industry will not change. The percentage of vanadium products applicable in the alloy industry and energy storage industry will increase by 10% and 35%, respectively.	The reliance of the vanadium industry on the steel industry will decline to 70% in 2015, then to approximately 40% after 2030. The consumption of vanadium on the chemical, titanium alloy, and energy storage industries will be 7%, 10%, and 50%, respectively.
product output	The volume of vanadium products retains its growth for the existing level.	Between 2010 and 2020, the growth of vanadium product will slow down. After 2025, the production of vanadium will increase rapidly and reach 8%	Between 2010 and 2015, the growth of vanadium products will slow down. Between 2015 and 2030, vanadium product growth rate will reach 12%	After 2012, vanadium production will decrease. Vanadium growth rate will reach 20% in 2030 because of new energy industries.
technology structure	The technology application remains at the 2010 level.	Existing technologies are improved. Energy storage technology in 2015 will attain industrialization. Spent vanadium recycling/extraction technology will be presented in a small-scale demonstration in 2020.	The popularization rate of DT will reach 80% in 2012. The popularization rate of stored energy technology will reach 80% in 2015. Reutilization technology for vanadium batteries will gain popularity in 2020	The popularization rate of DT will reach 90% and the popularization rate of stored energy technology will reach 50%. All of the spent vanadium battery will be reused in 2030
policies	No new policies support technology development	Production technology research and development is supported. However, industry protection measures and technical application support is not perfected.	Production technology research and development is strongly supported, but relevant industry standards are still lacking.	All aspects of policy and support measures are developed perfectly.

Tab.1 Industrial optimization scenarios

Tab.2 Technological comparisons for scenario analysis

Fig.6 Sets of crude steel and generated energy: (a) crude steel; (b) generated energy

Tab.3 Variation tendencies of vanadium products

Fig.7 Growth of vanadium products: (a) vanadium electrolyte; (b) vanadium alloy

Fig.8 Technological progress scenario of the Vanadium Industry: (a) primary scenario (b) intermediate scenario; (c) advanced scenario

Fig.9 Vanadium utilization rate

Fig.10 Vanadium output rate

Fig.11 Environmental impact index

Fig.12 Quantity of vanadium exploitation

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