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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (1) : 19-27    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0723-4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sequence of the main geochemical controls on the Cu and Zn fractions in the Yangtze River estuarine sediments
Shou ZHAO1,2,Dongxin WANG1,Chenghong FENG1,*(),Ying WANG1,Zhenyao SHEN1
1. Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. Interdisciplinary Life Science Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Abstract

Metal speciation can provide sufficient information for environmental and geochemical researches. In this study, based on the speciation determination of Cu and Zn in the Yangtze Estuary sediments, roles of eight geochemical controls (i.e., total organic carbon (TOC), clay, Fe/Mn in five chemical fractions and salinity) are fully investigated and sequenced with correlation analysis (CA) and principal components analysis (PCA). Results show that TOC, clay and Fe/Mn oxides are key geochemical factors affecting the chemical speciation distributions of Cu and Zn in sediments, while the role of salinity appears to be more indirect effect. The influencing sequence generally follows the order: TOC>clay>Mn oxides>Fe oxides>salinity. Among the different fractions of Fe/Mn oxides, residual and total Fe content, and exchangeable and carbonate Mn exert the greatest influences, while exchangeable Fe and residual Mn show the poorest influences.
Keywords chemical speciation      geochemical factors      estuaries      sediments      correlation      salinity     
Corresponding Author(s): Chenghong FENG   
Online First Date: 11 June 2014    Issue Date: 03 December 2015
 Cite this article:   
Shou ZHAO,Dongxin WANG,Chenghong FENG, et al. Sequence of the main geochemical controls on the Cu and Zn fractions in the Yangtze River estuarine sediments[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(1): 19-27.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0723-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2016/V10/I1/19
Fig.1  Study area and geographical location of the 30 sampling sites in the Yangtze Estuary in China
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Cu/(mg·kg−1)
?Min. 0.075 0.806 0.661 0.481 6.795 9.500
?Max. 0.193 3.772 4.363 5.992 25.82 37.60
?average 0.122 1.985 2.376 2.717 16.65 23.85
?Stand. dev. 0.031 0.782 1.087 1.677 6.048 8.980
Zn (mg·kg−1)
?Min. 0.220 2.123 4.111 1.630 29.93 41.00
?Max. 0.575 18.17 13.65 11.18 76.71 101.0
?average 0.294 6.321 7.921 6.443 57.09 78.01
?Stand. dev. 0.073 3.678 2.482 2.758 16.11 17.79
Mn (mg·kg−1)
?Min. 3.458 42.45 64.81 21.17 171.4 359.0
?Max. 48.43 503.2 243.1 86.63 435.3 1108.0
?average 21.27 250.9 141.1 47.10 254.9 715.4
?Stand. dev. 13.42 125.0 52.12 17.73 49.66 180.3
Fe (mg·kg−1)
?Min. 0.267 65.23 1668.6 276.9 20752.8 23633.1
?Max. 8.823 1353.1 8632.6 2615.6 38260.3 47716.1
?average 2.538 381.1 4450.9 964.3 30013.9 35813.0
?Stand. dev. 1.901 350.4 1925.9 552.1 4734.6 6860.4
TOC/% clay/% salinity/(parts per thousand, ‰)
?Min. 0.098 0.470 0.130
?Max. 0.767 100.0 36.47
?average 0.438 61.26 13.66
?Stand. dev. 0.206 40.52 15.43
Tab.1  Minimum, maximum, average values and standard deviations of geochemical factors and Cu and Zn in different fractions
geochemical controls parameter Cu speciation Zn speciation
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
TOC k 0.115 2.394 4.454 6.707 27.59 41.26 −0.120 −6.855 3.313 8.623 74.37 79.33
R2 0.76** 0.63** 0.84** 0.82** 0.94** 0.94** −0.33 −0.38 0.27 0.64** 0.95** 0.92**
clay content k 0.001 0.011 0.022 0.035 0.137 0.207 −0.001 −0.042 0.013 0.048 0.382 0.400
R2 0.68** 0.59** 0.82** 0.85** 0.92** 0.93** −0.38* −0.46** 0.21 0.70** 0.96** 0.91**
total loadings k 0.003 0.067 0.113 0.153 0.665 − −0.001 −0.041 0.064 0.109 0.869 −
R2 0.73** 0.76** 0.93** 0.81** 0.98** − −0.27 −0.19 0.45* 0.70** 0.95** −
salinity k 0.001 −0.003 0.021 0.029 0.162 0.209 −0.002 −0.157 0.004 0.106 0.405 0.357
R2 0.31 −0.06 0.29 0.27 0.41* 0.35* −0.41* −0.65** 0.02 0.59** 0.38* 0.30
Tab.2   Linear fits parameters of TOC, clay content, total metal content and salinity, with Cu and Zn contents in different speciation
Fe–F1 Fe–F2 Fe–F3 Fe–F4 Fe–F5 Fe–F6 Mn–F1 Mn–F2 Mn–F3 Mn–F4 Mn–F5 Mn–F6
Cu–F1 –0.14 0.36* 0.52** 0.38* 0.62** 0.62** 0.62** 0.55** 0.40* 0.47** –0.27 0.52**
Cu–F2 –0.18 0.40* 0.60** 0.28 0.55** 0.59** 0.66** 0.61** 0.61** 0.42* –0.15 0.65**
Cu–F3 –0.35 0.32 0.66** 0.38* 0.72** 0.73** 0.86** 0.74** 0.63** 0.61** –0.28 0.74**
Cu–F4 –0.25 0.67** 0.86** 0.82** 0.73** 0.84** 0.75** 0.84** 0.68** 0.92** –0.37* 0.82**
Cu–F5 –0.32 0.46** 0.68** 0.48** 0.88** 0.86** 0.91** 0.81** 0.54** 0.68** –0.26 0.78**
Cu–F6 –0.32 0.51** 0.75** 0.55** 0.87** 0.88** 0.92** 0.85** 0.62** 0.74** –0.29 0.83**
Zn–F1 0.31 –0.13 –0.22 –0.29 –0.22 –0.25 –0.24 –0.32 –0.12 –0.35 0.13 –0.27
Zn–F2 0.49** –0.08 –0.16 –0.28 –0.30 –0.28 –0.38* –0.35 –0.07 –0.34 0.33 –0.24
Zn–F3 –0.10 –0.22 0.13 –0.10 0.23 0.17 0.43* 0.24 0.20 0.11 –0.01 0.26
Zn–F4 –0.39* 0.32 0.50** 0.61** 0.57** 0.60** 0.61** 0.71** 0.30 0.72** –0.38* 0.59**
Zn–F5 –0.32 0.53** 0.78** 0.69** 0.92** 0.93** 0.88** 0.90** 0.61** 0.84** –0.27 0.87**
Zn–F6 –0.27 0.47** 0.76** 0.64** 0.89** 0.90** 0.87** 0.88** 0.62** 0.81** –0.24 0.87**
TOC –0.32 0.56** 0.82** 0.66** 0.86** 0.91** 0.88** 0.87** 0.66** 0.81** –0.41* 0.83**
clay –0.34 0.54** 0.82** 0.69** 0.86** 0.91** 0.87** 0.89** 0.64** 0.84** –0.41* 0.83**
salinity –0.48** –0.13 –0.02 0.10 0.23 0.15 0.41* 0.28 –0.20 0.21 –0.33 0.09
Tab.3  Correlation of Cu and Zn contents in different fractions with Fe and Mn in different fraction, as well as other geochemical factors including TOC, clay and salinity. Mn correlated better with metals than Fe. For the non–lithogenic speciation of Cu and Zn, the organic fractions correlated best with Fe/Mn
component initial eigenvalues element component matrix
total % of variance cumulative % PC1 PC2 PC3
1 16.39 60.71 60.71 Salinity 0.327 –0.793 0.313
2 2.894 10.71 71.42 Clay 0.969 –0.125 0.015
3 2.444 9.052 80.48 TOC 0.968 –0.042 0.064
4 1.134 4.202 84.68 Fe–F1 –0.314 0.533 –0.335
5 0.877 3.250 87.93 Fe–F2 0.604 0.227 –0.552
6 0.824 3.051 90.98 Fe–F3 0.864 0.248 –0.354
7 0.619 2.294 93.27 Fe–F4 0.747 0.011 –0.571
8 0.458 1.695 94.97 Fe–F5 0.891 0.081 0.049
9 0.400 1.481 96.45 Fe–F6 0.949 0.138 –0.140
10 0.223 0.827 97.28 Mn–F1 0.899 –0.058 0.296
11 0.184 0.680 97.96 Mn–F2 0.941 –0.007 –0.089
12 0.147 0.543 98.50 Mn–F3 0.730 0.383 –0.263
13 0.131 0.483 98.98 Mn–F4 0.895 –0.009 –0.322
14 0.090 0.332 99.31 Mn–F5 –0.365 0.285 0.144
15 0.050 0.184 99.50 Mn–F6 0.917 0.179 –0.108
16 0.049 0.181 99.68 Cu–F1 0.686 0.083 0.276
17 0.032 0.118 99.80 Cu–F2 0.673 0.464 0.366
18 0.017 0.065 99.86 Cu–F3 0.858 0.113 0.408
19 0.013 0.049 99.91 Cu–F4 0.903 –0.032 –0.220
20 0.010 0.038 99.95 Cu–F5 0.925 –0.033 0.267
21 0.009 0.032 99.98 Cu–F6 0.958 0.027 0.221
22 0.002 0.009 99.99 Zn–F1 –0.351 0.548 0.121
23 0.001 0.005 100.0 Zn–F2 –0.369 0.810 0.141
24 0.000 0.000 100.0 Zn–F3 0.295 0.417 0.738
25 0.000 0.000 100.0 Zn–F4 0.716 –0.423 –0.042
26 0.000 0.000 100.0 Zn–F5 0.967 –0.088 0.032
27 0.000 0.000 100.0 Zn–F6 0.950 0.082 0.158
Tab.4  Component loadings obtained from the principal component analysis. TOC, clay, Fe and Mn were main factors influencing the transport of Cu and Zn, while the role of salinity was much indirect
Tab.5  Sequences of roles of geochemical factors in affecting the fraction distributions of Cu and Zn. The sequence was ordered according to the correlation coefficient.
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