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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (5) : 793-803    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0775-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
A multi-integrated approach on toxicity effects of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles
Ana PICADO1,*(),Susana M. PAIXÃO1,*(),Liliana MOITA1,Luis SILVA1,Mário S. DINIZ2,3,Joana LOURENÇO2,Isabel PERES3,Luisa CASTRO3,José Brito CORREIA1,Joana PEREIRA4,Isabel FERREIRA4,António Pedro Alves MATOS5,6,Pedro BARQUINHA4,Elsa MENDONCA1
1. LNEG-National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, I.P., Lisbon 1649-038, Portugal
2. REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Fine Chemistry and Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
3. IMAR-Ocean Institute, Department of Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
4. CENIMAT/I3N and Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
5. Pathological Anatomy, Curry Cabral Hospital, Lisbon 1069-166, Portugal
6. CESAM, Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon University, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
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Abstract

The new properties of engineered nanoparticles drive the need for new knowledge on the safety, fate, behavior and biologic effects of these particles on organisms and ecosystems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been used extensively for a wide range of applications, e.g, self-cleaning surface coatings, solar cells, water treatment agents, topical sunscreens. Within this scenario increased environmental exposure can be expected but data on the ecotoxicological evaluation of nanoparticles are still scarce. The main purpose of this work was the evaluation of effects of TiO2 nanoparticles in several organisms, covering different trophic levels, using a battery of aquatic assays. Using fish as a vertebrate model organism tissue histological and ultrastructural observations and the stress enzyme activity were also studied. TiO2 nanoparticles (Aeroxide® P25), two phase composition of anatase (65%) and rutile (35%) with an average particle size value of 27.6±11 nm were used. Results on the EC50 for the tested aquatic organisms showed toxicity for the bacteria, the algae and the crustacean, being the algae the most sensitive tested organism. The aquatic plant Lemna minor showed no effect on growth. The fish Carassius auratus showed no effect on a 21 day survival test, though at a biochemical level the cytosolic Glutathione-S-Transferase total activity, in intestines, showed a general significant decrease (p<0.05) after 14 days of exposure for all tested concentrations. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles aggregates were observed in the intestine lumen but their internalization by intestine cells could not be confirmed.
Keywords ecotoxicity      enzymatic analysis      histology      transmission electron microscopy (TEM)      TiO2-nanoparticles     
Corresponding Author(s): Ana PICADO,Susana M. PAIXÃO   
Online First Date: 13 February 2015    Issue Date: 08 October 2015
 Cite this article:   
Ana PICADO,Susana M. PAIXÃO,Liliana MOITA, et al. A multi-integrated approach on toxicity effects of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(5): 793-803.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-015-0775-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I5/793
Fig.1  TiO2 nanoparticles as observed by TEM
Fig.2  Nanoparticle tracking analysis of TiO2 suspensions. (a) Stock suspension; (b) Daphnia test media; (c) Fish test media
test-exposure time EC10 (mean±s.d.) EC50 (mean±s.d.) NOEC
P. putida −16 h 1.2±0.53 9.9±1.2 –
V. fischeri −6 h 2.2±0.09 9.2±0.49 1
Microtox −15 min >81.9 >81.9 81.9
algae −72 h* 0.2±0.1 0.89±0.26 –
Daphnia −48 h 10.7±7.11 29.5±7.22 5.6
Lemna −7 d >90 >90 90
goldfish −21 d >100 >100 100
Tab.1  EC10-t (mg·L−1) and EC50-t (mg·L−1) values calculated for the different tested species exposed to TiO2-NP. Presented values as mean values±s.d. (n = 3)
Fig.3  Intestine of C. auratus. Control fish (a); accumulation of nanoparticles inside intestine lumen of fish exposed to different concentrations of TiO2 ((b) - 10 mg·L−1 for 14 d; (c) and (d) - 100 mg·L−1 for 21 d; (e) - 100 mg·L−1 for 14 d); (f) TEM image of intestine of fish exposed to 100 mg·L−1 (21 days). Legend: In (Intestine epithelium); NPs (nanoparticles aggregates); lu (intestine lumen); arrowheads (epithelium erosion); M (mucous layer)
Fig.4  SEM from nanoparticles aggregates inside intestine lumen and respective EDS spectrum revealing the presence of Ti (arrowhead) among other elements. Legend: In (intestine epithelium); lu (lumen)
Fig.5  GST total activity (mean±s.d.) in intestines of C. auratus exposed to different concentrations of TiO2. Significant differences if letters are different (p<0.05). Significant differences between exposure periods if *(p<0.05)
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