Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review

doi:10.1007/s11783-015-0811-0

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2015, Vol. 9

Issue (5) : 770-783 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0811-0

REVIEW ARTICLE

Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review

Yuankai ZHANG,Zhijiang HE,Hongchen WANG(

),Lu QI,Guohua LIU,Xiaojun ZHANG

School of Environment & Natural Resource, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China

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Abstract

Hollow nanomaterials have attracted significant attention because of their high chemical and thermal stability, high specific surface area, high porosity, low density, and good biocompatibility. These state-of-the-art nanomaterials have been shown to efficiently adsorb heavy metals, and volatile hazardous substances, photodegrade persistent organic pollutants, and other compounds, and inactivate bacteria. Such properties have enabled the use of these materials for environmental remediation, such as in water/wastewater treatment, soil remediation, air purification, and substance monitoring, etc. Hollow nanomaterials showed higher photocatalytic activity than those without hollow structure owing to their high active surface area, reduced diffusion resistance, and improved accessibility. And, the Doping method could improve the photocatalytic performance of hollow nanomaterials further under visible light. Moreover, the synthetic mechanisms and methods of these materials are important because their size and morphology help to determine their precise properties. This article reviews the environmental applications and potential risks of these materials, in addition to their syntheses. Finally, an outlook into the development of these materials is provided.

Keywords hollow nanomaterials environmental remediation nanotechnology nanostructures morphology

Corresponding Author(s): Hongchen WANG

Online First Date: 24 August 2015 Issue Date: 08 October 2015

Cite this article:

Yuankai ZHANG,Zhijiang HE,Lu QI, et al. Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(5): 770-783.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-015-0811-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I5/770

Fig.1 (a) Hollow nanomaterials with different nanostructures (i: nanotube, ii: nanocapsule, iii: nanobox, iv: nanosphere, v: nanowire); (b) schematic illustration of the fabrication process of HU-NiCo₂O₄ [16];(c) time course of the publications in hollow nanomaterials research over the period 1991−2013; (d) overview of the top seven productive countries in hollow nanotechnology research over the period 1991−2013

Tab.1 An overview of hollow nanomaterials as applied to HMI removal

Fig.2 Schematic of the formation of a hollow SnO₂ sphere [80]

Fig.3 The photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli under UV irradiation, (I) schematic illustrations for the electron/hole pair separation in the PdO doped TiO₂ hollow sphere, (II) PdO doped TiO₂ hollow sphere with different loading amounts, (III) schematic illustrations for the multiple reflections in the hollow sphere [88]

Fig.4 Nucleation and growth mechanisms using a barrier film for the fabrication of hollow nanomaterials: (I) the barrier film makes unavailable gas diffusive path in a spherical particle, (II) the stresses acting on the growing bubble in a particle with the barrier film [95]

Fig.5 The stages of nanostructure formation. (I) a core-shell nanoparticle with radius R₀ and shell thickness h; (II) the core is exposed due to shape fluctuations in the outer surface and dissolves; (III) a pinhole with radius r remains and is quickly sealed due to diffusional flux from the convex outer surface A through the pinhole edge B and into the inner concave surface C; (IV) the net flux at the pinhole edge J⁺-J⁻ is positive, leading to an increase in the radius of the curvature of the pinhole edge a this effect accounts for the closure of the pinhole and the formation of the desired nanostructure [100]

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