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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (6) : 6    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0870-x
FEATURE ARTICLE
Engineering practice of mechanical soil aeration for the remediation of volatile organic compound-contaminated sites in China: Advantages and challenges
Yan Ma1,2,Xiaoming Du2,Yi Shi2,Deyi Hou3,Binbin Dong1,Zhu Xu2,Huiying Li4,Yunfeng Xie2,Jidun Fang5,Zheng Li2,Yunzhe Cao2,Qingbao Gu2,Fasheng Li2()
1. School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing 100083, China
2. Department of Soil Pollution Control, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
3. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
4. Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
5. Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
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Abstract

Engineering practice of mechanical soil aeration in China is reviewed.

MSA is a cost-effective technique for VOC-contaminated sites.

Limitations of MSA application have been summarized.

In recent years, many industrial enterprises located in the urban centers of China have been relocated owing to the rapid increase in urban development. At the sites abandoned by these enterprises, volatile organic compounds have frequently been detected, sometimes at high concentrations, particularly at sites abandoned by chemical manufacturing enterprises. With the redevelopment of sites and changes in land-use type associated with these sites, substantial amounts of contaminated soils now require remediation. Since China is a developing country, soil remediation warrants the usage of techniques that are suitable for addressing the unique challenges faced in this country. Land shortage is a common problem in China; the large numbers of contaminated sites, tight development schedules, and limited financial resources necessitate the development of cost-effective methods for land reclamation. Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technique that is particularly suitable for the remediation of large volatile organic compound-contaminated sites. Its effectiveness has been confirmed by conducting laboratory studies, pilot tests, and full-scale projects. This study reviews current engineering practice and developmental trends of mechanical soil aeration and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of this technology for application in China as an emerging soil remediation market. The findings of this study might aid technology development in China, as well as assist other developing countries in the assessment and implementation of cost-effective hazardous waste site soil remediation programs.
Keywords Soil contamination      Volatile organic compound      Mechanical soil aeration      Engineering practice      China     
PACS:     
Fund: 
Corresponding Author(s): Fasheng Li   
Issue Date: 20 September 2016
 Cite this article:   
Yan Ma,Xiaoming Du,Yi Shi, et al. Engineering practice of mechanical soil aeration for the remediation of volatile organic compound-contaminated sites in China: Advantages and challenges[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(6): 6.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-016-0870-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2016/V10/I6/6
Fig.1  Technological process of remediation with mechanical soil aeration. Closed sheds at a remediation field (a) and stirring devices at a remediation field (b and c)
Fig.2  Conceptualization of soil particles and pores (a) [32,33] and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the unsaturated zone (b) [35,36]
provinces main contaminants in the soil soil remediation technologies total volume/m3 volume by MSA/m3
Liaoning (S1) heavy metals, PAHs a), and BTEX b) MSA, soil washing/flushing, and chemical oxidation 279290 5721
Hubei (S2) heavy metals, VOCs c) (aniline, benzene, and chlorobenzene, etc.) and SVOCs d) (Benzo [a] anthracene) MSA, solidification/stabilization, and chemical oxidation 376000 57000
Shandong (S3) VOCs (benzene, chloroform) and SVOCs (hexachlorobenzene, benzex, and DDT) MSA and cement kiln incineration 17474 7863
Jiangsu (S4) PAHs a), BTEX b), chlorinated hydrocarbons, and organic phosphorus pesticides MSA, thermal desorption, and chemical oxidation 245742 116081
Beijing (S5) PAHs a) and benzene MSA-thermal desorption 1530000 1144200
Beijing (S6) VOCs (1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, trichloroethylene, etc.) MSA 57500 57500
Beijing (S7) VOCs (chloroform, dichloromethane, and benzene) MSA 334000 334000
Beijing (S8) VOCs (1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, benzene, etc.) MSA 416100 416100
Beijing (S9) VOCs (1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, benzene, etc.) MSA 1230000 1230000
Tab.1  Characteristics of typical contaminated sites in China at which mechanical soil aeration (MSA) was used or partially used for remediation
Fig.3  Percentage of contaminated soil treated using mechanical soil aeration (MSA) at nine sites in China
Fig.4  Residual levels of contaminants in soil after remediation with mechanical soil aeration and comparison with their remedial target values
pollutants initial concentration a)/(mg·kg-1) concentration after treatment a)/(mg·kg-1) remedial target value/(mg·kg-1) average of removal efficiency/% pass rate/%
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 0.03 0.025 b) 1.21 16.67 100
1,1-dichloroethylene 0.34 0.22 29.1 35.29 100
trichloroethylene 0.06 0.025 b) 5.19 58.33 100
benzene 0.06 0.025 b) 2.4 58.33 100
vinyl chloride 0.62 0.25 b) 0.5 59.68 100
carbon tetrachloride 0.11 0.025 b) 0.97 77.27 100
tetrachlorethylene 0.17 0.026 22 84.71 100
chloroform 0.52 0.032 0.82 93.85 100
1,1,2-trichloroethane 0.41 0.025 b) 2.8 93.90 100
1,1-dichloroethane 0.72 0.025 b) 130 96.53 100
1,2-dichloroethane 30.59 0.17 0.82 99.44 93.8
Tab.2  Contaminant removal performance for soils treated with mechanical soil aeration
technology remediation period remediation cost/(CNY·m−3) engineering practice in China
soil washing 3–12 months 600–3000 few applications
thermal desorption several weeks to years 350–2100 a few applications
chemical treatment several weeks to months 500–1500 few applications
soil blocking landfill several weeks to months 300–800 a few applications
mechanical soil aeration several days to months 90–200 frequent applications
Tab.3  Comparison of commonly used technologies for volatile organic compound-contaminated soils in China
Fig.5  Tailing of contaminant concentration in soil during mechanical soil aeration at different temperatures and aeration conditions. (a) Temperature-controlled experiment for clayey silt, with aeration rate, agitation interval, speed, and agitation time of 3 L•min-1, 2 h, 200 r·min-1, and 10 s, respectively; (b) Aeration-controlled experiment for clayey silt, with soil temperature, agitation interval, speed, and agitation time of 20°C, 2 h, 200 r·min-1, and 10 s, respectively
Fig.6  Effect of temperature (seasonal change) on the removal of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) in soils under mechanical soil aeration treatment
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