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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (1) : 7    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1186-4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Assessment of mobile and potential mobile trace elements extractability in calcareous soils using different extracting agents
Mohsen Jalali(), Ziba Hurseresht
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Bu_Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Abstract

• DTPA and NH4OAc, HNO3 and EDTA, and MgCl2 and NH4NO3 had similar behavior.

• In NH4OAc, DTPA, and EDTA, the possibility of re-adsorption of trace elements is low.

• CaCl2 may be more suitable than other extracts in calcareous soils.

Understanding trace elements mobility in soils, extracting agents, and their relationships with soil components, are essential for predicting their movement in soil profile and availability to plants. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate extractability of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) from calcareous soils utilizing various extracting agents to be specific CaCl2, DTPA, EDTA, HNO3, MgCl2, NaNO3, NH4NO3, and NH4OAc. Cluster analysis indicated that DTPA and NH4OAc, HNO3 and EDTA, and MgCl2 and NH4NO3 extracting agents yielded comparative values, whereas NaNO3 and CaCl2 have shown different behavior than other extracting agents for all studied trace elements. The speciation of extracted trace elements in solutions indicated that in the CaCl2, NaNO3, NH4NO3, and MgCl2 extracting agents most extracted Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, and part of Cu were as free ions and may be re-adsorbed on soils, leading to lower extractability, whereas, in the case of HNO3 extracting agent, the likelihood of re-adsorption of trace elements may be little. The results of speciation of trace elements using NH4OAc, DTPA, and EDTA extracting agents showed that Me-(Acetate)3–, Me-(Acetate)2(aq), Me(DTPA)3−, Me(EDTA)2−, and MeH(EDTA)– complexes dominated in solutions indicating that the extracted trace elements may not be re-adsorbed on soils, leading to higher extractability. The results of this study are useful for short and long-term evaluations of trace elements mobility and further environmental impacts.
Keywords Mobility      Calcareous soils      Extracting agents      Trace elements     
Corresponding Author(s): Mohsen Jalali   
Issue Date: 19 November 2019
 Cite this article:   
Mohsen Jalali,Ziba Hurseresht. Assessment of mobile and potential mobile trace elements extractability in calcareous soils using different extracting agents[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(1): 7.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1186-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I1/7
Fig.1  Boxplot of extracted trace elements by different extracting agents (open circles denote the mean value and filled circles denote the median value).
Fig.2  Comparison between the Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn-extractable fraction of total trace element content (%) by CaCl2, DTPA, EDTA, HNO3, MgCl2, NaNO3, NH4NO3 and NH4OAc. Different letters show significant differences at p<0.05.
Metal Method Equation r
Cd CaCl2 0.192 ? 0.025 OM ? 0.004 Clay 0.85***
DTPA ? ?
EDTA 1.267 ? 0.007 Clay 0.42*
HNO3 0.494+ 1.441 EC 0.54**
MgCl2 0.642+ 0.004 Silt 0.68***
NaNO3 -0.142+ 0.017 CEC+ 0.119 OM+ 0.014 Clay ? 0.004 Silt 0.86***
NH4NO3 0.093 ? 0.192 EC+ 0.004 CEC+ 0.011 OM 0.89***
NH4OAc 1.137+ 0.018 CaCO3?0.008 Clay?0.009 Silt 0.75***
Co CaCl2 0.32 ? 0.01 Clay 0.54**
DTPA ? ?
EDTA ? ?
HNO3 4.52 ? 0.09 CaCO3 0.65***
MgCl2 1.31 ? 0.01 Clay 0.47*
NaNO3 0.29 ? 0.68 EC+ 0.002 Silt 0.82***
NH4NO3 0.11+ 0.001 Silt 0.40*
NH4OAc 3.49+ 0.07 CaCO3 ? 0.05 Silt 0.72***
Cu CaCl2 0.18+ 0.85 EC ? 0.06 OM ? 0.01 Clay 0.90***
DTPA 18.78 ? 2.64 pH+ 37.86 EC ? 0.92 OM 0.80***
EDTA 17.40 ? 1.50 OM ? 0.33 Clay 0.71***
HNO3 38.81 ? 4.23 pH ? 0.16 Clay 0.71***
MgCl2 ? ?
NaNO3 0.67- 0.09 pH+ 0.03 OM 0.47*
NH4NO3 -0.03+ 2.76 EC 0.57**
NH4OAc 1.81+ 3.37 EC ? 0.01 Silt 0.68***
Ni CaCl2 0.597 ? 0.070 OM ? 0.014 Clay 0.75***
DTPA 3.690 ? 0.461 CEC+ 0.280 Clay 0.49*
EDTA 7.814 ? 0.780 OM ? 0.265 CaCO3 + 0.079 Silt 0.59**
HNO3 8.786 ? 0.253 CaCO3 0.57**
MgCl2 ? ?
NaNO3 0.269+ 0.003 Clay 0.44*
NH4NO3 0.938 ? 0.090 pH+ 0.004 Silt 0.73***
NH4OAc 2.60 ? 0.020 Silt 0.59**
Zn CaCl2 ? ?
DTPA 11.63 ? 0.47 CEC 0.42*
EDTA 24.84 ? 0.67 Clay 0.53**
HNO3 101.00 ? 10.27 pH ? 0.66 Clay 0.68***
MgCl2 9.20 ? 1.08 pH ? 0.038 CEC+ 0.06 CaCO3 0.67***
NaNO3 0.01+ 0.02 CEC 0.58**
NH4NO3 1.12 ? 0.12 pH 0.47*
NH4OAc ? ?
Tab.1  Multiple regressions between Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn extracted by different extracting agents and soil properties
Fig.3  Results of the linear regression analysis between extractable Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn by different extracting agents (*p<0.05, ** p<0.01).
Fig.4  Dendrogram of trace elements extracted by different extracting agents.
Fig.5  Dendrograms of extracting agents for each trace element.
Fig.6  (a) Dendrograms of extracted trace elements (mean of extracting agents) and (b) extracting agents (mean of extracted trace elements).
Species Extracting agent
CaCl2 MgCl2 DTPA EDTA HNO3 NaNO3 NH4NO3 NH4OAc
Trace elements % Trace elements % Trace elements % Trace elements % Trace elements % Trace elements % Trace elements % Trace elements %
Cd Cd2+ 48.94 Cd2+ 0.35 ? ? ? ? Cd2+ 67.61 Cd2+ 83.56 Cd2+ 38.25 Cd2+ 0.27
CdCl+ 47.12 CdCl+ 25.57 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
CdCl2 (aq) 2.75 CdCl2 (aq) 74.05 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
CdCO3 (aq) 0.35 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CdCO3 (aq) 4.70 ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cd-(Acetate)3? 62.26
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cd-(Acetate)2 (aq) 26.79
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cd-Acetate+ 8.63
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CdNH32+ 2.76 CdNH32+ 0.92
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CdNO3+ 29.01 CdNO3+ 9.60 CdNO3+ 47.20 ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cd(NO3)2 (aq) 3.38 Cd(NO3)2 (aq) 0.28 Cd(NO3)2 (aq) 11.74 ? ?
? ? ? ? Cd-DTPA3 99.97 CdEDTA2? 94.83 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? CdH-DTPA2 0.04 CdHEDTA? 5.16 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? - - CdH2EDTA (aq) 0.01 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Co Co2+ 95.01 Co2+ 66.27 ? ? ? ? Co2+ 75.93 Co2+ 85.91 Co2+ 44.11 Co2+ 7.68
CoCl+ 0.43 CoCl+ 22.89 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
CoCO3 (aq) 0.55 CoCO3 (aq) 1.03 ? ? ? ? ? ? CoCO3 (aq) 3.93 ? ? ? ?
CoHCO3+ 3.84 CoHCO3+ 9.67 ? ? ? ? ? ? CoHCO3+ 3.49 ? ? CoHCO3+ 1.94
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CoNO3+ 16.33 CoNO3+ 4.95 CoNO3+ 27.28 ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Co(NO3)2 (aq) 7.75 Co(NO3)2 (aq) 0.59 Co(NO3)2 (aq) 27.64 ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Co(NH3)2+ 0.96 Co(NH3)2+ 7.95
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Co(NH3)22+ 2.21
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Co-Acetate+ 71.37
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Co-(Acetate)2 (aq) 8.35
? ? ? ? Co-DTPA3? 99.95 CoEDTA2? 93.57 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? CoH-DTPA2? 0.05 CoHEDTA? 6.41 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? CoH2EDTA (aq) 0.02 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Cu Cu2+ 31.96 Cu2+ 12.27 ? ? ? ? Cu2+ 69.37 Cu2+ 5.47 Cu2+ 17.89 Cu2+ 0.02
CuOH+ 9.08 CuOH+ 3.83 ? ? ? ? ? ? CuOH+ 10.59 CuOH+ 0.13 ? ?
CuCl+ 0.64 CuCl+ 18.93 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? CuCl2 (aq) 3.62 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
CuCO3 (aq) 56.88 CuCO3 (aq) 59.10 ? ? ? ? ? ? CuCO3 (aq) 77.35 ? ? ? ?
Cu(CO3)22? 0.18 Cu(CO3)22? 0.67 ? ? ? ? ? ? Cu(CO3)22? 3.83 ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CuNO3+ 29.76 CuNO3+ 0.63 CuNO3+ 22.07 ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CuNH32+ 38.04 CuNH32+ 0.87
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cu(NH3)32+ 2.32 Cu(NH3)32+ 26.54
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cu(NH3)22+ 18.12 Cu(NH3)22+ 9.28
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cu(NH3)42+ 0.06 Cu(NH3)42+ 14.80
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cu-Acetate+ 1.16
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cu-(Acetate)2 (aq) 8.86
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cu-(Acetate)3? 38.48
? ? ? ? Cu-DTPA3? 99.97 CuEDTA2? 92.02 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? CuH-DTPA2? 0.03 CuHEDTA? 7.93 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? CuH2EDTA (aq) 0.05 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Ni Ni2+ 92.58 Ni2+ 64.22 ? ? ? ? Ni2+ 74.58 Ni2+ 79.80 Ni2+ 47.85 Ni2+ 1.56
NiCl+ 0.35 NiCl+ 18.45 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
NiCO3 (aq) 1.04 NiCO3 (aq) 1.95 ? ? ? ? ? ? NiCO3 (aq) 7.12 ? ? ?
NiHCO3+ 5.93 NiHCO3+ 14.86 ? ? ? ? ? ? NiHCO3+ 5.14 ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NiNO3+ 25.42 NiNO3+ 7.28 NiNO3+ 46.90 ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NiNH32+ 5.10 NiNH32+ 3.72
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ni(NH3)22+ 0.15 Ni(NH3)22+ 2.38
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ni-Acetate+ 16.68
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ni-(Acetate)2 (aq) 75.15
? ? ? ? Ni-DTPA3? 99.77 NiEDTA2? 92.06 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? NiH-DTPA2? 0.23 NiHEDTA- 7.94 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Zn Zn2+ 93.14 Zn2+ 9.80 ? ? ? ? Zn2+ 73.72 Zn2+ 72.21 Zn2+ 47.36 Zn2+ 3.00
ZnOH+ 0.84 ZnCl+ 21.86 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Zn(OH)2 (aq) 0.13 ZnCl42? 23.11 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
ZnCl+ 2.71 ZnCl3? 29.24 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
ZnCl2 (aq) 0.04 ZnCl2 (aq) 14.84 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ZnOH+ 4.42 ? ? ZnOH+ 0.02
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ZnNO3+ 25.12 ZnNO3+ 6.59 ZnNO3+ 46.42 ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Zn(NO3)2 (aq) 1.17 Zn(OH)2 (aq) 5.47 Zn(NO3)2 (aq) 4.60 ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
ZnCO3 (aq) 1.62 ZnCO3 (aq) 0.46 ? ? ? ? ? ? ZnCO3 (aq) 9.98 ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Zn-Acetate+ 43.23
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Zn-(Acetate)2 (aq) 46.73
? ? ? ? Zn-DTPA3? 99.79 ZnEDTA2? 93.59 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ZnH-DTPA2? 0.21 ZnHEDTA? 6.41 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Tab.2  Average species and percentage of metals using different extracting agents
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