Upgrading pyrolytic carbon-blacks (CBp) from end-of-life tires: Characteristics and modification methodologies

doi:10.1007/s11783-019-1198-0

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2020, Vol. 14

Issue (2) : 19 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1198-0

REVIEW ARTICLE

Upgrading pyrolytic carbon-blacks (CBp) from end-of-life tires: Characteristics and modification methodologies

Jiaxue Yu^1,², Junqing Xu^1,², Zhenchen Li¹, Wenzhi He^1,², Juwen Huang^1,², Junshi Xu³, Guangming Li^1,²(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
². Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
³. Shanghai Tire Craftsman Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201400, China

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Abstract

• Modification methodologies of upgrading CBp from ELTs were reviewed.

• Surface microstructures and physiochemical properties of CBp were analyzed.

• Future perspectives of ELTs pyrolysis industries were suggested.

Over 1 billion end-of-life tires (ELTs) are generating annually, and 4 billion ELTs are currently abandoned in landfills and stockpiles worldwide, according to the statistics, leading to the environmental and health risks. To circumvent these issues, pyrolysis, as an attractive thermochemical process, has been addressed to tackle the ELTs’ problem to reduce the risks as well as increase the material recycling. However, due to the lack of systematic characteristic analysis and modification methods, poor quality of CBp limits the improvement of ELTs pyrolysis in industry applications, which plays a crucial role in the economic feasibility of pyrolysis process. In this review, we have summarized the state-of-the-art characteristics and modification methodologies of the upgrading of CBp, to in-depth understand the surface microstructures and physiochemical properties of CBp for the foundation for modification afterwards. By virtue of the proper selection of modification methods and modifying agents, the new generation of multifunctional carbon materials with desired properties can be instead of the traditional materials of CB, promising broader and various application fields.

Keywords Pyrolysis carbon-blacks CBp Post-pyrolysis Demineralization Surface modification

Corresponding Author(s): Guangming Li

Issue Date: 17 December 2019

Cite this article:

Jiaxue Yu,Junqing Xu,Zhenchen Li, et al. Upgrading pyrolytic carbon-blacks (CBp) from end-of-life tires: Characteristics and modification methodologies[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(2): 19.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1198-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I2/19

Fig.1 Conventional approaches in ELTs management.

Fig.2 Scheme of tire pyrolysis.

Fig.3 Scheme of “core-shell structure” of CBp

Pyrolysis temperature (°C)	Reactor type	CBp yield (wt%)	Elemental analysis on dry basis (wt%)				Proximate analysis on as received basis (wt%)				CV (MJ/kg)	Sulfur in tire (wt%)	Sulfur retention (%)	BET surface (m²/g)	Ref.
Pyrolysis temperature (°C)	Reactor type	CBp yield (wt%)	C	H	N	S	Ash	Volatile matter	Moisture	Fixed carbon	CV (MJ/kg)	Sulfur in tire (wt%)	Sulfur retention (%)	BET surface (m²/g)	Ref.
600	Fixed bed	38.00	81.57	0.84	0.33	2.95	13.82	2.51	0.26	83.41	n.r	1.87	59.95	n.r	^{Aylón et al. (2008)}
600	Moving bed	38.00	82.10	0.97	0.35	3.41	13.17	3.50	1.24	82.09	n.r	1.87	69.29	n.r	^{Aylón et al. (2008)}
500	Fixed bed	36.10	85.18	1.15	0.64	2.03	13.25	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	0.92	79.66	67.96	^{Zhang et al. (2008)}
450	Fixed bed	40.00	88.00	1.70	0.30	1.10	8.40	7.10	n.r	n.r	31.40^a	1.70	25.88	n.r	^{Napoli et al. (1997)}
550	Fixed bed	35.00	89.40	0.30	0.10	0.80	7.70	3.50	n.r	n.r	30.90	1.70	16.47	n.r	^{Napoli et al. (1997)}
600	Fixed bed	37.00	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	16.30	5.20	0.00	78.50	27.20^b	1.40	n.r	n.r	^{González et al. (2001)}
550	Rotary kiln reactor	49.09	85.31	1.77	0.34	2.13	15.33	12.78	3.57	71.89	30.71	2.30	45.46	n.r	^{Galvagno et al. (2002)}
600	Rotary kiln reactor	47.40	85.56	1.33	0.28	2.32	13.19	10.75	3.01	76.06	30.18	2.30	47.81	n.r	^{Galvagno et al. (2002)}
680	Rotary kiln reactor	48.86	85.16	0.93	0.22	2.57	11.78	5.24	1.44	82.98	29.50	2.30	54.60	n.r	^{Galvagno et al. (2002)}
450	Fixed bed	40.00	95.9	0.70	0.10	3.30	16.00	3.10	1.50	79.50	28.60	1.90	69.47	n.r	^{Díez et al. (2004)}
550	Fixed bed	33.00	95.9	0.50	0.20	3.40	16.50	1.20	1.00	81.30	28.57	1.90	59.05	n.r	^{Díez et al. (2004)}
450	Rotary kiln reactor	43.90	82.13	2.10	0.54	2.28	12.51	16.61	3.40	67.47	31.20	1.51	66.29	89.10	^{Li et al. (2004)}
500	Rotary kiln reactor	41.30	82.17	2.28	0.61	2.32	12.32	16.14	2.35	69.19	31.50	1.51	63.54	89.10	^{Li et al. (2004)}
550	Rotary kiln reactor	39.90	80.82	1.46	0.53	2.41	14.58	6.92	1.28	77.22	30.00	1.51	63.68	89.10	^{Li et al. (2004)}
600	Rotary kiln reactor	39.30	81.00	1.38	0.51	2.53	14.30	5.86	1.98	77.93	30.40	1.51	65.85	89.10	^{Li et al. (2004)}
650	Rotary kiln reactor	38.80	81.03	1.98	0.45	2.40	13.94	6.27	1.48	78.32	30.10	1.51	61.67	89.10	^{Li et al. (2004)}
–	Plasma pyrolysis	57.83	82.69	0.42	0.42	2.51	15.14	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	1.57	92.35	64.80	^{Tang and Huang (2004)}
–	Plasma pyrolysis	23.00	85.06	0.24	0.38	1.97	16.25	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	1.57	28.86	70.00	^{Tang and Huang (2005)}
500	Fixed bed	37.90	82.70	0.40	<0.10	2.20	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	69.50	^{Kyari et al. (2005)}
550^c	Fixed bed	42.00	n.r	n.r	n.r	0.80	40.30	n.r	n.r	56.30	14.80	1.71	19.65	55.50	^{Ucar et al. (2005)}
650^c	Fixed bed	41.70	n.r	n.r	n.r	1.00	40.80	n.r	n.r	56.20	15.70	1.71	24.39	60.50	^{Ucar et al. (2005)}
800^c	Fixed bed	41.50	n.r	n.r	n.r	0.90	40.80	n.r	n.r	55.90	15.20	1.71	21.84	63.50	^{Ucar et al. (2005)}
550^d	Fixed bed	33.80	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.10	14.30	n.r	n.r	82.40	33.90	1.44	49.29	56.50	^{Ucar et al. (2005)}
650^d	Fixed bed	33.80	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.30	14.80	n.r	n.r	82.60	33.40	1.44	53.99	63.50	^{Ucar et al. (2005)}
800^d	Fixed bed	33.20	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.00	13.50	n.r	n.r	84.30	34.20	1.44	46.11	66.00	^{Ucar et al. (2005)}
550	Fixed bed	38.00	90.27	0.26	0.16	1.22	8.41	0.67	0.09	90.80	28.00	1.43	32.42	63.00	^{Munillo et al. (2006)}
425	Spouted bed	35.36	86.19	1.25	0.45	3.06	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.00	54.10	61.10	^{Lopez et al. (2009)}
500	Spouted bed	36.92	87.36	0.91	0.44	3.29	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.00	60.73	77.90	^{Lopez et al. (2009)}
600	Spouted bed	38.30	87.24	0.73	0.39	3.37	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.00	64.54	84.10	^{Lopez et al. (2009)}
425	Spouted bed	33.91	86.46	0.70	0.34	3.59	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.14	56.89	36.90	^{Lopez et al. (2009)}
500	Spouted bed	34.05	86.62	1.39	0.75	2.24	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.14	35.64	65.20	^{Lopez et al. (2009)}
600	Spouted bed	35.81	86.57	7.66	0.44	2.13	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	2.14	35.64	116.30	^{Lopez et al. (2009)}
550	Fixed bed	34.00	86.30	0.30	0.30	2.80	12.50	1.80	0.40	91.30	29.70	1.90	50.11	64.00	^{López et al. (2011)}
500	Fixed bed	39.00	87.35	1.05	0.24	2.70	8.24	n.r	n.r	n.r	~15^b	1.38	76.30	n.r	^{Kordoghli et al. (2017)}
500	Spouted bed	~34.00	80.30	1.30	0.30	2.70	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	29.3^b	0.89	103.14	83.00	^{Olazar et al. (2008)}
550	Fixed bed	36.50	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	16.18	n.r	n.r	n.r	n.r	1.40	n.r	69.23	^{Zhou et al. (2010)}
400	Fixed bed	55.90	83.80	2.40	0.30	2.30	9.00	n.r	n.r	n.r	27.30	1.50	85.71	n.r	Rodriguez et al. (2001)
500	Fixed bed	44.80	83.50	0.60	0.30	2.40	12.10	n.r	n.r	n.r	28.80	1.50	71.68	n.r	Rodriguez et al. (2001)
600	Fixed bed	44.20	83.70	0.50	0.30	2.60	12.00	n.r	n.r	n.r	29.00	1.50	76.61	n.r	Rodriguez et al. (2001)
700	Fixed bed	43.70	82.50	0.50	0.30	2.30	13.20	n.r	n.r	n.r	29.10	1.50	67.01	n.r	Rodriguez et al. (2001)
500 0.3 kPa	Fixed bed	23.20	93.30	0.80	0.80	3.00	11.40	2.80	0.00	85.80	n.r	1.40	49.71	151.50	^{Roy et al. (1995)}
n.r	n.r	n.r	87.80	0.33	n.r	1.97	9.61	0.88	0.25	89.26	n.r	n.r	n.r	62.00	^{Murillo et al. (2005)}
550	Fixed bed	n.r	81.50	1.00	0.50	3.30	13.80	3.50	0.70	82.10	29.40	1.90	n.r	37.00	^{López et al. (2013)}
500 20kPa	Fixed bed	25.00	80.40	0.40	0.70	3.60	14.60	3.22	0.41	82.18	n.r	1.40	64.29	n.r	Mchoul et al. (1996)
N-234			94.80	0.80	0.80	0.60	0.60	4.20	0.00	95.20	n.r	n.r	n.r	112.70	^{Roy et al. (1995)}
N-330			96.00	0.70	0.60	0.70	0.30	3.30	0.00	96.40	n.r	n.r	n.r	80.50	^{Roy et al. (1995)}

Tab.1 Elemental, proximate and calorific value of the CBp reported in literature.

Fig.4 Flow chart of acid-base demineralization.

Tab.2 Literature survey in related to improvement of CBp by demineralization process

Fig.5 The “closed loop tyre-to-tyre recycling” of tires.

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