Effects of previous drying of sediment on root functional traits and rhizoperformance of emerged macrophytes

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1427-1

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (6) : 134 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1427-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effects of previous drying of sediment on root functional traits and rhizoperformance of emerged macrophytes

Farasat Ali^1,², Ghulam Jilani³, Leilei Bai¹, Chunliu Wang^1,², Linqi Tian^1,², Helong Jiang¹(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
². University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³. Institute of Soil Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan

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Abstract

• Sediment desiccation alters morphological characteristics of aquatic sediment.

• Alternation in morphological properties of sediment limiting root characteristics.

• Fibrous-rooted macrophytes root properties extra favor nutrients removal.

• Thick-rooted macrophytes exhibit higher life-span in two sediment types.

Purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of constantly wet and dried-rewetted sediments on root functional traits of emerged macrophytes and their nutrients removal abilities. It is based on the hypothesis that root characteristics and nutrients removal abilities of plants will be altered in the course of sediment desiccation. Four emerged macrophytes including two fibrous-root plants (Canna indica and Acorus calamus) and two thick-root plants (Alocasia cucullata and Aglaonema commutatum) were investigated for their root functional traits and rhizoperformance in both wet and dried-rewetted sediments. Results showed that sediment desiccation followed by rewetting substantially altered the root functional traits (root surface area, radial oxygen loss, and root activity) of plants due to adverse changes in morphological characteristics (porosity, bulk density, particle density) of dried-rewetted sediments than by wet sediments. Consequently, limited plants growth and removal of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were recorded in dried-rewetted sediments and their pore water than in wet sediments. Radial oxygen loss from plant roots correlated positively with root functional traits, plants growth, and removal of N, P and DOC from pore water and sediment in both sediment types. Among the macrophyte species, the fibrous-root plants having advantages root functional traits, greatly influenced the rhizospheric conditions (pH, dissolved oxygen and redox potential), and demonstrated higher N, P and DOC reduction from both sediment types. While, the thick-rooted plants with thick diameter roots (D > 1 mm) and higher rhizome exhibited longer life-span in both sediment types.

Keywords Fibrous-root macrophytes Thick-root macrophytes Nutrients removal Wet sediment Dried-rewetted sediment

Corresponding Author(s): Helong Jiang

Issue Date: 13 April 2021

Cite this article:

Farasat Ali,Ghulam Jilani,Leilei Bai, et al. Effects of previous drying of sediment on root functional traits and rhizoperformance of emerged macrophytes[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(6): 134.

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https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1427-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I6/134

Fig.1 Root functional traits of four wetland plant species in the wet and dried-rewetted sediments. A. ROL, B. root activity, C. root porosity, D. Fe-plaque formation on root surface, and E. root surface area (Mean±SE, n = 4; different letters on the bar under each treatment point to significant variations among species in the wet and dried-rewetted sediments at (P<0.05) according to one-way ANOVA. * indicates significant differences between wet sediment plants and dried-rewetted sediment plants or treatments according to Tukey’s pairwise comparisons and 95% confidence, except data over bars marked by the same letters for the same trait are not significantly different at P<0.05).

Fig.2 Relationships between rates of ROL, root activity, Fe-plaque formation, porosity, and root surface area of the four tested wetland plant species grown in wet and dried-rewetted sediments, R and R² values of the simple correlation and regression analyses are exhibited and all are significant at P<0.05; ●, DSCE; ○, WSCE; ▲, DSCT; ?, WSCT; ♦, DSSF; ◊, WSSF; ■, DSIS; and □, WSIS; R_WS and R²_WS are represented simple correlation and regression values of root activity, root porosity, Fe plaque formation, and root surface area vs. ROL in wet sediments; and R_DS and R²_DS are represented simple correlation and regression values of root activity, root porosity, Fe plaque formation, and root surface area vs. ROL in dried-rewetted sediments.

Tab.1 Below- and above-ground biomass and total biomass of plant species in wet and dried-rewetted sediments (Mean±SE, n = 5; different letters in each treatment show significant differences among plants at (P<0.05) according to one-way ANOVA; * indicates significant differences between wet sediment plants and dried-rewetted sediment plants according to Tukey’s pairwise comparisons and 95% confidence, except data in table marked by the same letters for the same trait are not significantly different at P<0.05).

Tab.2 Growth attributes and longevity of plant species (Mean±SE, n = 5, different letters in each treatment show significant differences among plants at (P<0.05) according to one-way ANOVA; * indicates significant differences between wet sediment plants and dried-rewetted sediment plants according to Tukey’s pairwise comparisons and 95% confidence, except data in table marked by the same letters for the same trait are not significantly different at P<0.05).

Fig.3 Removal percentages of TN, TP, and DOC by four plant species from the sediment and interstitial water of wet and dried-rewetted sediments (Mean±SE, n = 4; smaller letters on the bar under each treatment indicates that the plants were significant differed in TN and TP removal percentages from the wet sediments according to one-way ANOVA at (P<0.05); the smaller letters with (*) represent that the plants were substantial diverse in TN, TP, and DOC removal percentages from the interstitial water of wet sediments according to one-way ANOVA at (P<0.05); large letters on the bar under each indicates that the plants were significant different in TN and TP removal percentages from the dried-rewetted sediments according to one-way ANOVA at (P<0.05), and the larger letters with (*) represent that the plant species were considerable different in TN, TP, and DOC removal percentages from the interstitial water of dried-rewetted sediments according to one-way ANOVA at (P<0.05). According to tukey pairwise comparisons and 95% confidence plant species/treatments were significant different, except data over bars marked by the same letters for the same nutrient are not significantly different at P<0.05.

Fig.4 Relationships between rates of ROL and removal percentages of TN, TP, and DOC by four wetland plants grown in wet and dried-rewetted sediments; R and R² values of the simple correlation and regression analyses are exhibited and all are significant at P<0.05; ○ represent TN and TP removal by CE from pore water of WSCE or DSCE, and DOC removal by CE from pore water of DSCE; ● represent TN and TP removal by CE from sediment of WSCE or DSCE, and DOC removal by CE from pore water of WSCE; ? represent TN and TP removal by CT from interstitial water of WSCT or DSCT, and DOC removal by CT from pore water of DSCT; ▲ represent TN and TP removal by SF from sediment of WSSF or DSSF, and DOC removal by CT from pore water of WSCT; ◊ represent TN and TP removal by SF from interstitial water of WSSF or DSSF, DOC removal by SF from pore water of DSSF; ♦ represent TN and TP removal by SF from sediment of WSSF or DSSF, and DOC removal by SF from pore water of WSSF; □ represent TN and TP removal by IS from interstitial water of WSIS or DSIS, and DOC removal from pore water of DSIS; ■ represent TN TP removal by IS from sediment of WSIS or DSIS, and DOC removal from pore water of WSIS; R_S and R²_S represent simple correlation and regression values of TN and TP removal percentages from sediment vs. ROL; R_W and R²_W represent simple correlation and regression values of TN, TP, and DOC removal percentages from interstitial water vs. ROL; R_WS and R²_WS indicate simple correlation and regression values of DOC removal percentages from pore water of wet sediments vs. ROL, R_DS and R²_DS represent simple correlation and regression values of DOC removal percentages from pore water of dried-rewetted sediments vs. ROL.

Fig.5 DO, pH, EC, and ORP in interstitial water of plant species grown in wet and dried-rewetted sediments (Mean±SE, n = 4; different letters on top of the bar under each treatments point to significant differences among plant species in wet and dried-rewetted sediments/treatments according to one-way ANOVA at P<0.05; * indicates significant differences between wet sediment plants and dried-rewetted sediment plants or treatments according to Tukey’s pairwise comparisons and 95% confidence, except data over bars marked by the same letters for the same trait are not significantly different at P<0.05).

Fig.6 PCA biplot of mean factor loadings of each treatment on PCA-1 and PCA-2, un-rotated eigenvectors for each root functional trait, nutrient removal percentage, and biogeochemical factor are represented by different color arrows, different color circles are indicated dried-rewetted sediment treatments, and different color triangles are represented wet sediment treatments.

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