Current scenario and challenges of plastic pollution in Bangladesh: a focus on farmlands and terrestrial ecosystems

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1666-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (6) : 66 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1666-4

REVIEW ARTICLE

Current scenario and challenges of plastic pollution in Bangladesh: a focus on farmlands and terrestrial ecosystems

Md. Raihanul Islam¹, Sumaiya Akter Ruponti¹, Md. Abdur Rakib², Huy Quoc Nguyen³, Monjur Mourshed^4,⁵(

)

¹. Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
². Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science of Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
³. Faculty of Heat and Refrigeration Engineering, The University of Danang—University of Science and Technology, Danang 550000, Vietnam
⁴. Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
⁵. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh

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Abstract

● A global snapshot of plastic waste generation and disposal is analysed.

● Effect of plastic pollution on environment and terrestrial ecosystem is reviewed.

● Ecotoxicity and food security from plastic pollution is discussed.

Plastic is considered one of the most indispensable commodities in our daily life. At the end of life, the huge ever-growing pile of plastic waste (PW) causes serious concerns for our environment, including agricultural farmlands, groundwater quality, marine and land ecosystems, food toxicity and human health hazards. Lack of proper infrastructure, financial backup, and technological advancement turn this hazardous waste plastic management into a serious threat to developing countries, especially for Bangladesh. A comprehensive review of PW generation and its consequences on environment in both global and Bangladesh contexts is presented. The dispersion routes of PW from different sources in different forms (microplastic, macroplastic, nanoplastic) and its adverse effect on agriculture, marine life and terrestrial ecosystems are illustrated in this work. The key challenges to mitigate PW pollution and tackle down the climate change issue is discussed in this work. Moreover, way forward toward the design and implementation of proper PW management strategies are highlighted in this study.

Keywords Plastic waste Farmlands Terrestrial ecosystem Marine life

Corresponding Author(s): Monjur Mourshed

Issue Date: 22 December 2022

Cite this article:

Md. Raihanul Islam,Sumaiya Akter Ruponti,Md. Abdur Rakib, et al. Current scenario and challenges of plastic pollution in Bangladesh: a focus on farmlands and terrestrial ecosystems[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(6): 66.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1666-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I6/66

Fig.1 Amount of PW generation on each continent in 2015.

Fig.2 Primary plastic production by industrial sector, from 1950 to 2015.

Fig.3 Fate of plastic production and its effect on the environment.

Fig.4 Effects of MPs on Soil biota and soil properties (Rillig et al., 2019b).

Tab.1 Ecotoxicity of plastic waste

Country	Existing laws and significance
Country	Level	Legislation	Impact
Bangladesh	National	Ban on polyethene plastic bags (2002).	The public’s immediate reaction was good. Unwillingness of law enforcement authorities and the unavailability of low-cost alternatives, the usage of polymer bags surged after a few years.
India	National	Non-degradable plastic bags (< 50 μm) are prohibited (2016).	Information is not available.
	Local-Punjab	Single-use plastic (SUP) carry handbags and buckets are prohibited from being manufactured, stocked, distributed, sold, or used.	Information is not available.
	Local-West Bengal	From 2001 forward, several restrictions were imposed. West Bengal has imposed a total ban on plastic bags < 40 μm in some places.	Information is not available.
France	National	Prohibition on all plastic bags except biodegradable bags was amended in 2017 to include lightweight SUP carrying bags (< 50 μm and < 10 L).	Information is not available.
Rwanda	National	All polymer bags are prohibited from being manufactured, used, imported, or sold.	The restriction resulted in illegal market for plastic bags in the first phase. Plastic bags are gradually being replaced with paper bags.
Sweden	National	Supermarkets are required by law to educate customers about the negative impacts of plastic on the environment.	Information is not available.
Ireland	National	Impose a tariff on a customer for the use of plastic bags. The goal is to reduce usage to no more than 21 bags/person per year.	Plastic bag use went down by more than 90% in the first year after the fee was implemented.
China	National	Non-decomposable plastic bags < 25 μm are prohibited, and consumers must pay a fee for thicker bags.	Plastic bag usage has decreased by 60% to 80% in Chinese shops.
China	Local-Hong Kong	Levy on the consumer.	Only a few chains and outlets have been affected as a result of the deployment. The levy was expanded to over 100000 business holders in 2015. Within the first year, 25% fewer bags were discarded in landfills.
USA	Local- Washington	Levy has been imposed on purchaser (USD 0.05) for plastic bags.	According to a poll conducted in 2014, the average weekly usage of plastic bags reduced from 10 to 4.
Canada	Local-Leaf Rapids	In Leaf Rapids, plastic bags are prohibited.	Information is not available.
Canada	Local-Montreal	Plastic bags < 50 μm are prohibited in Montreal.	Information is not available.
United Arab Emirates	National	The Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi (EAD) has unveiled a strategy to eliminate SUP from the emirate by 2021.	Information is not available.

Tab.2 Existing laws and its significances in different countries (UNEP, 2018)

Tab.3 Strategies to manage plastic pollution in different countries (UNEP, 2018)

Fig.5 PW generation sources and their management in Bangladesh (reused with permission Mourshed et al. (2017)).

Types of plastic	Characteristics	Uses
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)	? Totally rigid or flexible? Highly resistant to Chemical and weather? A rampant barrier against H₂O and gas? Melting temperature is 260–280 °C? Its density is 1.38–1.51 g/cm³	Soda, fruit juice, water, cooking oil bottles, packing trays, frozen ready-meal trays, first-aid kit blankets, polar fleece and so on.
High density polyethylene (HDPE)	? Incredibly strong considering its density which is 0.959 g/cm³? Solid material? Can tolerate high temperatures (Melting temperature is 210–270 °C) and strong chemicals	Mostly used to make containers for cleaning solution and soap. In addition, containers for food and beverages, bottles of cleaning products, pipes, chopping boards, and some shoe components.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)	? Exceptionally resistant to bio-chemical attack? Management is easy so as converting into desired shape? It is one of the most versatile? Melting temperature is 160–210 °C, and density is 1.384 g/cm³	Widely used to make sewage pipes. Furthermore, in the construction, health care device making, electronics device like cable making, automobile sector and so on.
Low density polyethylene (LDPE)	? Highly non-reactive material at general living temperatures? It can endure temperatures of up to100 °C? Melting temperature is 180–240 °C, and density is 0.925 g/cm³? It is certainly more resilient	Various containers and trays making, bottles for drug preservation and transport, wash bottles, computer hardware components, moulded equipment for laboratory use.
Polypropylene (PP)	? Enough strong and flexible? It has too much high tolerance against high temperatures (Melting temperature is 200–280 °C)? Its density is 0.905 g/cm³	Mostly known as food-safe materials. It is considered as most thermoplastics. In addition, use to manufacture hot juice and yogurt containers, jars, pallets etc.
Polystyrene	? Thermoplastic polymer ? When exposed to high temperatures, it excretes potentially harmful compounds? Melting temperature is 170–280 °C? Its density is 1.05 g/cm³	Use to make teacups, boxes, egg containers and packaging foams etc. However, as it releases toxic chemicals in response to high heat, it should not be used to serve or preserve hot food items like soup.
Biodegradable plastic	? Alternative to traditional plastic bag? Decomposed within 3–4 months in soil? Tensile strength of Sonali bag is 1.6 higher than of PP/PET bags? Elongation at break is 35.52%? Named as Sonali bag with cellulose as main component that prevents CO₂ emission? Environment friendly	Used as packing materials for food, clothes or any other materials.

Tab.4 Display of different types of plastic products used in Bangladesh (Mourshed et al., 2017; Mia et al., 2018; Masud et al., 2019; Mahmud, 2021)

Fig.6 Attribute dispersion pathway of PW.

Tab.5 Water quality analysis of Buriganga (Fatema et al., 2018)

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