The road to sustainable use and waste management of plastics in Portugal

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1439-x

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (1) : 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1439-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The road to sustainable use and waste management of plastics in Portugal

Joana C. Prata¹(

), Ana L. Patrício Silva², Armando C. Duarte¹, Teresa Rocha-Santos¹

¹. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
². Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

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Abstract

• Portugal recycles 34% of the 40 kg/hab year of plastic packaging waste.

• Recycling of plastics in Portugal produces a final revenue of 167 €/t.

• Recycling and recovery must be the priority for imported wastes.

• Beach litter must be reduced from 330 to 20 items/100 m (94%) under EU goals.

• Consumption, use, and waste management of plastics need to improve.

As a European Union (EU) member, Portugal must comply with reductions in plastic waste. In Portugal, the 330 items/100 m of beach litter, comprising up to 3.9 million pieces and of which 88% is plastic, is higher than the EU median (149 items/100 m) and must be reduced to 20 items/100 m (94%). Integrative measures are needed to reduce littering and improve plastics’ use and disposal under the circular economy. Of this 414 kt of plastic packaging waste, 163 kt were declared plastic packaging, 140 kt subjected to recycling, and 94 kt to energy recovery. The current recycling rate of plastic packaging (34%) should be improved to reach EU recycling averages (42%) and goals and to provide widespread benefits, considering revenues of 167 €/t. As a net importer of waste, Portugal could benefit from the valorization of imported waste. Besides increased recycling, pyrolysis and gasification could provide short-term alternatives for producing value-added substances from plastic waste, such as hydrogen, consistent with the National Plan of Hydrogen and improving ongoing regulations on single-use plastics. This manuscript provides an integrative view of plastics in Portugal, from use to disposal, providing specific recommendations under the circular economy.

Keywords Single-use plastics Plastic packaging Plastic waste Waste management Waste shipment Lightweight plastic bags

Corresponding Author(s): Joana C. Prata

Issue Date: 19 October 2021

Cite this article:

Joana C. Prata,Ana L. Patrício Silva,Armando C. Duarte, et al. The road to sustainable use and waste management of plastics in Portugal[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(1): 5.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1439-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I1/5

Fig.1 Waste management in Portugal: (A) Ecopoint recyclable containers for glass (green stream), metal and plastic packaging (yellow stream) and paper (blue stream) next to two mixed waste containers; (B) Container for e-waste available in commercial spaces; (C) Containers for odd streams of recyclables available in commercial spaces.

Fig.2 Percentage of plastic in municipal solid waste (A), plastic packaging waste production per capita (B), total plastic packaging waste produced (C), recovery treatment of plastic waste by weight (D) and percentage (E). Data collected from (Agencia Portuguesa do Ambiente, 2019b; Sociedade Ponto Verde, 2019; Agencia Portuguesa do Ambiente, 2020; Eurostat, 2021a).

Tab.1 Life cycle assessment of waste in Portugal regarding recycling, plastic recycling, and waste-to-energy in incineration

Fig.3 Plastic waste import in Portugal (A), import percentage by total waste by weight (B), export in Portugal (C), export percentage by total waste by weight (D), ratio export/import (E). Data collected from Agencia Portuguesa do Ambiente, 2019b; Sociedade Ponto Verde, 2019; Agencia Portuguesa do Ambiente, 2020; Eurostat, 2021a.

Fig.4 Distribution over the years of total beach litter items (A) and percentage of plastic items (B). Details on the percentage of most common plastic items and cigarette butts across years (C). Comparison between Litterati data and APA beach litter data on percentages of combined categories from total items for 2020 (D). Data collected from Agencia Portuguesa do Ambiente, 2021b; Litterati, 2021.

Fig.5 Lightweight plastic bag consumption per capita (left) and total amount introduced in the market (right). The drop in 2017 corresponds to missing data relative to the amount of lightweight plastic bags used to contain ice or foodstuff. Data collected from Agencia Portuguesa do Ambiente 2020.

Fig.6 Initiatives and awareness campaigns on marine litter conducted in Portugal.

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