Technologies for pollutant removal and resource recovery from blackwater: a review

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1683-3

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (7) : 83 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1683-3

REVIEW ARTICLE

Technologies for pollutant removal and resource recovery from blackwater: a review

Wei Zhang, Huaqiang Chu(

), Libin Yang, Xiaogang You, Zhenjiang Yu, Yalei Zhang, Xuefei Zhou(

)

State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

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Abstract

● Blackwater is the main source of organics and nutrients in domestic wastewater.

● Various treatment methods can be applied for resource recovery from blackwater.

● Blackwater treatment systems of high integration and efficiency are the future trend.

● More research is needed for the practical use of blackwater treatment systems.

Blackwater (BW), consisting of feces, urine, flushing water and toilet paper, makes up an important portion of domestic wastewater. The improper disposal of BW may lead to environmental pollution and disease transmission, threatening the sustainable development of the world. Rich in nutrients and organic matter, BW could be treated for resource recovery and reuse through various approaches. Aimed at providing guidance for the future development of BW treatment and resource recovery, this paper presented a literature review of BWs produced in different countries and types of toilets, including their physiochemical characteristics, and current treatment and resource recovery strategies. The degradation and utilization of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within BW are underlined. The performance of different systems was classified and summarized. Among all the treating systems, biological and ecological systems have been long and widely applied for BW treatment, showing their universality and operability in nutrients and energy recovery, but they are either slow or ineffective in removal of some refractory pollutants. Novel processes, especially advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are becoming increasingly extensively studied in BW treatment because of their high efficiency, especially for the removal of micropollutants and pathogens. This review could serve as an instructive guidance for the design and optimization of BW treatment technologies, aiming to help in the fulfilment of sustainable human excreta management.

Keywords Blackwater Water-flushing toilet Sanitation Nutrient recovery Water reuse Sustainable development

Corresponding Author(s): Huaqiang Chu,Xuefei Zhou

Issue Date: 03 February 2023

Cite this article:

Wei Zhang,Huaqiang Chu,Libin Yang, et al. Technologies for pollutant removal and resource recovery from blackwater: a review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(7): 83.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1683-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I7/83

Tab.1 Characteristics of BW collected from several countries

Fig.1 Elemental composition of dried solids in feces and urine. Note that the area of the circles is proportional to the elemental contents.

Tab.2 Organics and nutrients contained in human excreta (Meinzinger and Oldenburg, 2009)

Fig.2 A general view of BW treatment technologies (Todt and Jenssen (2015); Huang et al. (2016); Dorji et al. (2022); van Voorthuizen et al. (2008); Jin et al. (2018b); Sharma and Mutnuri (2019); Zamalloa et al. (2013); Vasconcelos Fernandes et al. (2015); Silva et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2020)).

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of a pilot blackwater treatment plant (Knerr et al., 2011).

Fig.4 A pilot-scale UASB in BW treatment (Dorji et al., 2022).

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of (a) a conventional three-chambered septic tank, and (b) a bioreactor septic tank integrated with floating constructed wetland (Saeed et al., 2021).

Fig.6 Schematic for electrochemical disinfection of BW based on the study of Huang et al. (2016).

Tab.3 Processes for BW treatment

Fig.7 Nutrients recycle from BW using microalgae. Reproduced from Silva et al. (2019) with permission. (a) Pilot Photobioreactor (PBR). (b) Close-up of the bubble columns and mixing box. (c) Schematic image of the pilot Photobioreactor (PBR) from an overhead perspective.

Fig.8 Schematic for struvite production from BW (modified from Nagy et al. (2019) and Sun et al. (2020))

Tab.4 Nutrients and energy recovery from BW

Fig.9 Typical BW treatment processes and the corresponding products.

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