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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2023, Vol. 17 Issue (7) : 87    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1687-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Cultivars and oil extraction techniques affect Cd/Pb contents and health risks in oil of rapeseed grown on Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland
Junmei Guo1,2, Yuexing Wei1, Junxing Yang2,3(), Tongbin Chen2,3, Guodi Zheng2,3, Tianwei Qian1, Xiaona Liu1, Xiaofei Meng2,3, Mengke He2,3
1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China
2. Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract

● Organic solvent extracted fewer Cd/Pb in rapeseed oil than physical pressing.

● Brassica rapa transferred fewer Cd and Pb from seed to oil than Brassica napus .

● Carcinogenic risk mainly from Cd and worth more concern than noncarcinogenic risk.

● Organic solvent specially SLB pose less heath risk for oil than physical pressing.

● Rapeseed oil posed higher carcinogenic risk for rural residents than urban.

Substitute planting with rapeseed offers promise for safely using large areas of Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland. Cd/Pb distributions during rapeseed oil production were investigated and health risks posed by the oil were assessed. Tests were performed using three cultivars (Brassica rapa SYH and ZS100 and Brassica napus QY-1) and four oil extraction techniques (mechanical and low-temperature pressing and n-hexane and subcritical low-temperature butane extraction). The amounts of Cd and Pb in oil were 0.73%–8.44% and 3.14%–11.76%, respectively, of the amounts in rapeseed and were strongly affected by the cultivar and oil extraction technique. The heavy metal (HM) concentrations were lower in solvent-extracted oil (particularly subcritical low-temperature butane extracted oil, in which HMs were not detected) than mechanically pressed oil. The Cd and Pb transfer indices were lower (meaning larger proportions of HMs were retained by the rapeseed meal) for B. rapa than B. napus. This was attributed to a high HM binding protein content of B. rapa seed. Health risks to humans were assessed using a probabilistic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk was mainly (97.1%–99.9%) caused by Cd and poses more concern than non-carcinogenic risk. Stronger health risks are posed by mechanically pressed than solvent-extracted oil, and higher carcinogenic risks are posed to people living in rural areas than urban areas. Substitute planting with B. rapa and extracting oil with organic solvent (preferably subcritical low-temperature butane) are optimal for safely utilizing Cd/Pb-contaminated soil. Attention should be paid to the health risks posed by Cd in oil to rural populations.
Keywords Rapeseed oil      Oil extraction technologies      Human health risk assessment      Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland      Substitute planting     
Corresponding Author(s): Junxing Yang   
Issue Date: 13 February 2023
 Cite this article:   
Junmei Guo,Yuexing Wei,Junxing Yang, et al. Cultivars and oil extraction techniques affect Cd/Pb contents and health risks in oil of rapeseed grown on Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(7): 87.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1687-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I7/87
Parameters Units Probability distribution model Probability distribution value
BW-total kg Normal distribution na = 91064, meanb = 61.9, P25c = 53.6, P75c = 69.0
BW -total-man n = 41265, mean = 66.1, P25 = 57.7, P75 = 73.1
BW -total-woman n = 49799, mean = 57.8, P25 = 50.6, P75 = 63.9
BW -urban n = 41806, mean = 63.4, P25 = 54.8, P75 = 70.6
BW -urban-man n = 18441, mean = 68.2, P25 = 59.8, P75 = 75.3
BW -urban-woman n = 23365, mean = 58.6, P25 = 51.6, P75 = 64.6
BW -rural n = 49258, mean = 60.8, P25 = 52.7, P75 = 67.6
BW -rural-man n = 22824, mean = 64.4, P25 = 56.2, P75 = 71.2
BW -rural-woman n = 26434, mean = 57.1, P25 = 50.0, P75 = 63.2
CSYH-MP mg/kg t distribution meanCd = 5.49, σdCd = 1.36, meanPb = 288.40, σPb = 70.46
CSYH-LP meanCd = 33.50, σCd = 2.70, meanPb = 76.43, σPb = 2.89
CSYH-NE meanCd = 7.08, σCd = 3.40, meanPb = 253.63, σPb = 34.39
CQY-1-MP meanCd = 29.49, σCd = 28.81, meanPb = 309.93, σPb = 28.91
CQY-1-LP meanCd = 14.50, σCd = 6.03, meanPb = 169.01, σPb = 8.39
CQY-1-NE meanCd = 4.64, σCd = 2.46, meanPb = 123.31, σPb = 9.38
CZS100-MP meanCd = 5.90, σCd = 1.41, meanPb = 255.41, σPb = 10.97
CZS100-LP meanCd = 62.13, σCd = 52.88, meanPb = 107.87, σPb = 3.63
CZS100-NE meanCd = 5.58, σCd = 2.39, meanPb = 123.78, σPb = 10.26
Tab.1  The probability distributions of parameters
Oil extraction processes QY-1 SYH ZS100
Mechanical press (MP) 32.8 ± 0.45 Bba 37.1 ± 1.24 Aa 38.8 ± 0.63 Aa
Low-temperature press (LP) 38.6 ± 0.83 Aa 39.2 ± 0.91 Aa 39.5 ± 0.11 Aa
N-hexane extraction (NE) 30.8 ± 0.82 Ab 31.8 ± 0.44 Ab 32.4 ± 1.04 Ab
Subcritical low-temperature butane extraction (SLB) 38.1 ± 0.66 Aa 38.7 ± 0.37 Aa 39.1 ± 0.74 Aa
Tab.2  The oil yield rate of three rapeseeds under different oil extraction processes (%)
Index QY-1 SYH ZS100
Palmitic acid (C16:0) (%) 4.45 ± 0.14 Aa 2.46 ± 0.03 B 2.53 ± 0.04 B
Stearic acid (C18:0) (%) 0.62 ± 0.06 A 0.61 ± 0.05 A 0.51 ± 0.02 B
Oleic acid (C18:1) (%) 42.87 ± 2.64 A 5.51 ± 0.13 B 7.97 ± 1.06 B
linoleic acid (C18:2) (%) 17.36 ± 0.44 A 11.28 ± 0.25 B 11.56 ± 0.37 B
Linolenic acid (C18:3) (%) 10.42 ± 0.36 B 11.23 ± 0.14 A 11.12 ± 0.31 A
Eicosenoic acid (C20:1) (%) 5.24 ± 0.51 B 11.39 ± 0.17 A 10.77 ± 0.09 A
Erucic acid (C22:1) (%) 0.48 ± 0.10 C 4.10 ± 0.04 A 3.79 ± 0.01 B
Protein (%) 24.69 ± 0.38 B 28.21 ± 0.36 A 28.09 ± 0.07 A
Glucosinolate (μmol/g) 68.76 ± 6.47 B 126.62 ± 0.94 A 125.44 ± 3.91 A
Tab.3  Quality parameters of different rape cultivars
Fig.1  (a) Cd and (b) Pb concentrations in oils of three rapeseed cultivars with different extraction technologies. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different oil extraction technologies for same cultivar (P < 0.05); Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences among cultivars for same oil extraction technology (P < 0.05).
Fig.2  Transfer indices of (a) Cd and (b) Pb from seed to oil of three rapeseed cultivars with different extraction technologies. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different oil extraction technologies for same cultivar (P < 0.05); Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences among cultivars for same oil extraction technology (P < 0.05).
Fig.3  (a) Cd and (b) Pb concentrations in rapeseed meal of three rapeseed cultivars with different extraction technologies. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different oil extraction technologies for same cultivar (P < 0.05); Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences among cultivars for same oil extraction technology (P < 0.05).
Residents Model SYH QY-1 ZS100
MP LP NE MP LP NE MP LP NE
Total DRA 1.51 × 10−5 8.94 × 10−5 1.92 × 10−5 7.91 × 10−5 3.89 × 10−5 1.26 × 10−5 1.61 × 10−5 1.66 × 10−4 1.51 × 10−5
P50 a 1.52 × 10−5 9.03 × 10−5 1.94 × 10−5 7.97 × 10−5 3.95 × 10−5 1.27 × 10−5 1.63 × 10−5 1.67 × 10−4 1.52 × 10−5
P75 a 1.86 × 10−5 1.04 × 10−4 2.65 × 10−5 1.35 × 10−4 5.21 × 10−5 1.77 × 10−5 1.98 × 10−5 2.71 × 10−4 2.03 × 10−5
P95 a 2.50 × 10−5 1.33 × 10−4 3.81 × 10−5 2.24 × 10−4 7.41 × 10−5 2.62 × 10−5 2.64 × 10−5 4.34 × 10−4 2.86 × 10−5
Man DRA 1.54 × 10−5 9.13 × 10−5 1.97 × 10−5 8.08 × 10−5 3.97 × 10−5 1.28 × 10−5 1.65 × 10−5 1.69 × 10−4 1.54 × 10−5
P50 1.55 × 10−5 9.21 × 10−5 1.98 × 10−5 8.22 × 10−5 4.01 × 10−5 1.29 × 10−5 1.66 × 10−5 1.70 × 10−4 1.55 × 10−5
P75 1.89 × 10−5 1.06 × 10−4 2.70 × 10−5 1.38 × 10−4 5.30 × 10−5 1.80 × 10−5 2.02 × 10−5 2.76 × 10−4 2.06 × 10−5
P95 2.52 × 10−5 1.32 × 10−4 3.90 × 10−5 2.26 × 10−4 7.49 × 10−5 2.65 × 10−5 2.64 × 10−5 4.43 × 10−4 2.94 × 10−5
Woman DRA 1.61 × 10−5 9.58 × 10−5 2.06 × 10−5 8.47 × 10−5 4.17 × 10−5 1.35 × 10−5 1.72 × 10−5 1.78 × 10−4 1.61 × 10−5
P50 1.63 × 10−5 9.65 × 10−5 2.08 × 10−5 8.53 × 10−5 4.20 × 10−5 1.35 × 10−5 1.74 × 10−5 1.79 × 10−4 1.62 × 10−5
P75 1.98 × 10−5 1.10 × 10−4 2.82 × 10−5 1.45 × 10−4 5.55 × 10−5 1.89 × 10−5 2.12 × 10−5 2.84 × 10−4 2.16 × 10−5
P95 2.62 × 10−5 1.39 × 10−4 4.04 × 10−5 2.41 × 10−4 7.81 × 10−5 2.76 × 10−5 2.77 × 10−5 4.57 × 10−4 3.07 × 10−5
Urban DRA 1.07 × 10−5 6.35 × 10−5 1.37 × 10−5 5.61 × 10−5 2.76 × 10−5 8.92 × 10−6 1.14 × 10−5 1.18 × 10−4 1.07 × 10−5
P50 1.09 × 10−5 6.42 × 10−5 1.39 × 10−5 5.66 × 10−5 2.79 × 10−5 9.03 × 10−6 1.16 × 10−5 1.20 × 10−4 1.08 × 10−5
P75 1.33 × 10−5 7.41 × 10−5 1.89 × 10−5 9.57 × 10−5 3.68 × 10−5 1.26 × 10−5 1.41 × 10−5 1.92 × 10−4 1.44 × 10−5
P95 1.79 × 10−5 9.43 × 10−5 2.72 × 10−5 1.59 × 10−4 5.30 × 10−5 1.86 × 10−5 1.89 × 10−5 3.14 × 10−4 2.07 × 10−5
Urban-man DRA 1.12 × 10−5 6.64 × 10−5 1.43 × 10−5 5.87 × 10−5 2.89 × 10−5 9.33 × 10−6 1.20 × 10−5 1.23 × 10−4 1.12 × 10−5
P50 1.13 × 10−5 6.70 × 10−5 1.44 × 10−5 5.95 × 10−5 2.91 × 10−5 9.45 × 10−6 1.21 × 10−5 1.25 × 10−4 1.13 × 10−5
P75 1.37 × 10−5 7.64 × 10−5 1.96 × 10−5 9.91 × 10−5 3.87 × 10−5 1.31 × 10−5 1.47 × 10−5 1.99 × 10−4 1.50 × 10−5
P95 1.80 × 10−5 9.51 × 10−5 2.80 × 10−5 1.66 × 10−4 5.39 × 10−5 1.90 × 10−5 1.92 × 10−5 3.20 × 10−4 2.11 × 10−5
Urban-woman DRA 1.16 × 10−5 6.87 × 10−5 1.48 × 10−5 6.07 × 10−5 2.99 × 10−5 9.65 × 10−6 1.24 × 10−5 1.27 × 10−4 1.16 × 10−5
P50 1.17 × 10−5 6.92 × 10−5 1.49 × 10−5 6.15 × 10−5 3.02 × 10−5 9.69 × 10−6 1.25 × 10−5 1.28 × 10−4 1.17 × 10−5
P75 1.42 × 10−5 7.91 × 10−5 2.01 × 10−5 1.03 × 10−4 3.96 × 10−5 1.35 × 10−5 1.50 × 10−5 2.08 × 10−4 1.54 × 10−5
P95 1.86 × 10−5 9.75 × 10−5 2.89 × 10−5 1.68 × 10−4 5.59 × 10−5 1.94 × 10−5 1.97 × 10−5 3.29 × 10−4 2.13 × 10−5
Rural DRA 1.81 × 10−5 1.08 × 10−4 2.32 × 10−5 9.51 × 10−5 4.68 × 10−5 1.51 × 10−5 1.94 × 10−5 1.99 × 10−4 1.81 × 10−5
P50 1.83 × 10−5 1.09 × 10−4 2.33 × 10−5 9.68 × 10−5 4.72 × 10−5 1.53 × 10−5 1.96 × 10−5 2.02 × 10−4 1.84 × 10−5
P75 2.24 × 10−5 1.25 × 10−4 3.18 × 10−5 1.62 × 10−4 6.27 × 10−5 2.13 × 10−5 2.38 × 10−5 3.24 × 10−4 2.43 × 10−5
P95 3.01 × 10−5 1.59 × 10−4 4.64 × 10−5 2.69 × 10−4 8.95 × 10−5 3.13 × 10−5 3.18 × 10−5 5.27 × 10−4 3.48 × 10−5
Rural-man DRA 1.71 × 10−5 1.02 × 10−4 2.19 × 10−5 8.98 × 10−5 4.42 × 10−5 1.43 × 10−5 1.83 × 10−5 1.88 × 10−4 1.71 × 10−5
P50 1.73 × 10−5 1.03 × 10−4 2.19 × 10−5 9.03 × 10−5 4.47 × 10−5 1.44 × 10−5 1.85 × 10−5 1.92 × 10−4 1.72 × 10−5
P75 2.10 × 10−5 1.18 × 10−4 2.99 × 10−5 1.54 × 10−4 5.89 × 10−5 2.01 × 10−5 2.24 × 10−5 3.06 × 10−4 2.30 × 10−5
P95 2.78 × 10−5 1.47 × 10−4 4.29 × 10−5 2.54 × 10−4 8.30 × 10−5 2.95 × 10−5 2.99 × 10−5 4.90 × 10−4 3.28 × 10−5
Rural-woman DRA 1.78 × 10−5 1.06 × 10−4 2.28 × 10−5 9.35 × 10−5 4.60 × 10−5 1.49 × 10−5 1.90 × 10−5 1.96 × 10−4 1.78 × 10−5
P50 1.80 × 10−5 1.07 × 10−4 2.29 × 10−5 9.46 × 10−5 4.65 × 10−5 1.51 × 10−5 1.92 × 10−5 1.98 × 10−4 1.80 × 10−5
P75 2.18 × 10−5 1.22 × 10−4 3.11 × 10−5 1.59 × 10−4 6.11 × 10−5 2.07 × 10−5 2.32 × 10−5 3.17 × 10−4 2.37 × 10−5
P95 2.89 × 10−5 1.52 × 10−4 4.50 × 10−5 2.61 × 10−4 8.72 × 10−5 3.04 × 10−5 3.06 × 10−5 5.05 × 10−4 3.38 × 10−5
Tab.4  Carcinogenic risk from oil ingestion of three rapeseed cultivars with different production processes
Residents Model SYH QY-1 ZS100
MP LP NE MP LP NE MP LP NE
Total DRA 1.56 × 10−2 9.83 × 10−3 1.41 × 10−2 2.10 × 10−2 1.12 × 10−2 7.09 × 10−3 1.40 × 10−2 1.65 × 10−2 7.28 × 10−3
P50 a 1.58 × 10−2 9.93 × 10−3 1.43 × 10−2 2.11 × 10−2 1.13 × 10−2 7.15 × 10−3 1.41 × 10−2 1.67 × 10−2 7.35 × 10−3
P75 a 1.92 × 10−2 1.14 × 10−2 1.66 × 10−2 2.60 × 10−2 1.31 × 10−2 8.30 × 10−3 1.62 × 10−2 2.37 × 10−2 8.52 × 10−3
P95 a 2.57 × 10−2 1.44 × 10−2 2.17 × 10−2 3.52 × 10−2 1.67 × 10−2 1.05 × 10−2 2.06 × 10−2 3.58 × 10−2 1.08 × 10−2
Man DRA 1.60 × 10−2 1.00 × 10−2 1.44 × 10−2 2.14 × 10−2 1.14 × 10−2 7.24 × 10−3 1.43 × 10−2 1.69 × 10−2 7.43 × 10−3
P50 1.61 × 10−2 1.02 × 10−2 1.46 × 10−2 2.17 × 10−2 1.15 × 10−2 7.31 × 10−3 1.45 × 10−2 1.71 × 10−2 7.53 × 10−3
P75 1.96 × 10−2 1.16 × 10−2 1.70 × 10−2 2.66 × 10−2 1.33 × 10−2 8.41 × 10−3 1.65 × 10−2 2.41 × 10−2 8.62 × 10−3
P95 2.56 × 10−2 1.44 × 10−2 2.15 × 10−2 3.54 × 10−2 1.66 × 10−2 1.06 × 10−2 2.04 × 10−2 3.60 × 10−2 1.08 × 10−2
Woman DRA 1.67 × 10−2 1.05 × 10−2 1.51 × 10−2 2.25 × 10−2 1.19 × 10−2 7.59 × 10−3 1.50 × 10−2 1.77 × 10−2 7.79 × 10−3
P50 1.69 × 10−2 1.06 × 10−2 1.53 × 10−2 2.26 × 10−2 1.21 × 10−2 7.68 × 10−3 1.52 × 10−2 1.78 × 10−2 7.87 × 10−3
P75 2.04 × 10−2 1.21 × 10−2 1.78 × 10−2 2.77 × 10−2 1.39 × 10−2 8.81 × 10−3 1.72 × 10−2 2.53 × 10−2 9.03 × 10−3
P95 2.68 × 10−2 1.50 × 10−2 2.24 × 10−2 3.69 × 10−2 1.75 × 10−2 1.10 × 10−2 2.13 × 10−2 3.76 × 10−2 1.13 × 10−2
Urban DRA 1.11 × 10−2 6.98 × 10−3 1.00 × 10−2 1.49 × 10−2 7.92 × 10−3 5.03 × 10−3 9.95 × 10−3 1.17 × 10−2 5.17 × 10−3
P50 1.12 × 10−2 7.07 × 10−3 1.01 × 10−2 1.51 × 10−2 8.00 × 10−3 5.09 × 10−3 1.01 × 10−2 1.18 × 10−2 5.21 × 10−3
P75 1.36 × 10−2 8.11 × 10−3 1.19 × 10−2 1.86 × 10−2 9.32 × 10−3 5.89 × 10−3 1.15 × 10−2 1.70 × 10−2 6.05 × 10−3
P95 1.82 × 10−2 1.02 × 10−2 1.54 × 10−2 2.53 × 10−2 1.19 × 10−2 7.54 × 10−3 1.46 × 10−2 2.53 × 10−2 7.72 × 10−3
Urban-man DRA 1.16 × 10−2 7.30 × 10−3 1.05 × 10−2 1.56 × 10−2 8.29 × 10−3 5.26 × 10−3 1.04 × 10−2 1.23 × 10−2 5.40 × 10−3
P50 1.17 × 10−2 7.37 × 10−3 1.06 × 10−2 1.57 × 10−2 8.36 × 10−3 5.32 × 10−3 1.05 × 10−2 1.24 × 10−2 5.45 × 10−3
P75 1.41 × 10−2 8.34 × 10−3 1.23 × 10−2 1.93 × 10−2 9.60 × 10−3 6.07 × 10−3 1.19 × 10−2 1.75 × 10−2 6.26 × 10−3
P95 1.87 × 10−2 1.03 × 10−2 1.55 × 10−2 2.55 × 10−2 1.20 × 10−2 7.53 × 10−3 1.46 × 10−2 2.59 × 10−2 7.82 × 10−3
Urban-woman DRA 1.20 × 10−2 7.55 × 10−3 1.09 × 10−2 1.61 × 10−2 8.57 × 10−3 5.44 × 10−3 1.08 × 10−2 1.27 × 10−2 5.59 × 10−3
P50 1.21 × 10−2 7.62 × 10−3 1.10 × 10−2 1.63 × 10−2 8.63 × 10−3 5.49 × 10−3 1.09 × 10−2 1.28 × 10−2 5.64 × 10−3
P75 1.46 × 10−2 8.64 × 10−3 1.27 × 10−2 1.98 × 10−2 9.93 × 10−3 6.28 × 10−3 1.23 × 10−2 1.80 × 10−2 6.44 × 10−3
P95 1.90 × 10−2 1.06 × 10−2 1.58 × 10−2 2.61 × 10−2 1.22 × 10−2 7.74 × 10−3 1.51 × 10−2 2.71 × 10−2 8.00 × 10−3
Rural DRA 1.88 × 10−2 1.18 × 10−2 1.70 × 10−2 2.52 × 10−2 1.34 × 10−2 8.53 × 10−3 1.69 × 10−2 1.99 × 10−2 8.75 × 10−3
P50 1.89 × 10−2 1.20 × 10−2 1.72 × 10−2 2.57 × 10−2 1.36 × 10−2 8.61 × 10−3 1.70 × 10−2 2.00 × 10−2 8.82 × 10−3
P75 2.31 × 10−2 1.37 × 10−2 2.02 × 10−2 3.13 × 10−2 1.57 × 10−2 9.95 × 10−3 1.95 × 10−2 2.86 × 10−2 1.02 × 10−2
P95 3.10 × 10−2 1.73 × 10−2 2.57 × 10−2 4.21 × 10−2 2.01 × 10−2 1.27 × 10−2 2.45 × 10−2 4.31 × 10−2 1.30 × 10−2
Rural-man DRA 1.77 × 10−2 1.12 × 10−2 1.61 × 10−2 2.38 × 10−2 1.27 × 10−2 8.05 × 10−3 1.59 × 10−2 1.88 × 10−2 8.27 × 10−3
P50 1.79 × 10−2 1.13 × 10−2 1.62 × 10−2 2.41 × 10−2 1.29 × 10−2 8.14 × 10−3 1.61 × 10−2 1.90 × 10−2 8.37 × 10−3
P75 2.17 × 10−2 1.28 × 10−2 1.88 × 10−2 2.96 × 10−2 1.48 × 10−2 9.36 × 10−3 1.83 × 10−2 2.68 × 10−2 9.58 × 10−3
P95 2.85 × 10−2 1.60 × 10−2 2.39 × 10−2 3.95 × 10−2 1.85 × 10−2 1.17 × 10−2 2.26 × 10−2 4.02 × 10−2 1.21 × 10−2
Rural-woman DRA 1.85 × 10−2 1.16 × 10−2 1.67 × 10−2 2.48 × 10−2 1.32 × 10−2 8.38 × 10−3 1.66 × 10−2 1.95 × 10−2 8.60 × 10−3
P50 1.86 × 10−2 1.17 × 10−2 1.68 × 10−2 2.49 × 10−2 1.33 × 10−2 8.47 × 10−3 1.67 × 10−2 1.96 × 10−2 8.69 × 10−3
P75 2.24 × 10−2 1.33 × 10−2 1.96 × 10−2 3.05 × 10−2 1.53 × 10−2 9.71 × 10−3 1.90 × 10−2 2.80 × 10−2 9.96 × 10−3
P95 2.96 × 10−2 1.66 × 10−2 2.48 × 10−2 4.06 × 10−2 1.92 × 10−2 1.21 × 10−2 2.34 × 10−2 4.15 × 10−2 1.25 × 10−2
Tab.5  Noncarcinogenic risk from oil ingestion of three rapeseed cultivars with different production processes
Fig.4  Relative contribution of Cd and Pb to the RISK at Monte Carlo-derived P95 (95th percentile) of three rapeseed cultivars with different production processes. (a) Carcinogenic risk based on Cd and Pb concentrations. (b) Noncarcinogenic risk based on Cd and Pb concentrations.
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