Property-performance relationship of core-shell structured black TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst for environmental remediation

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1711-3

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (9) : 111 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1711-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Property-performance relationship of core-shell structured black TiO₂ photocatalyst for environmental remediation

Sajjad Haider¹(

), Rab Nawaz^2,³(

), Muzammil Anjum², Tahir Haneef⁴, Vipin Kumar Oad⁵, Salah Uddinkhan⁶, Rawaiz Khan⁷, Muhammad Aqif⁸

¹. Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
². Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Shamsabad, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
³. Centre of Innovative Nanostructures and Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
⁴. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
⁵. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
⁶. College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
⁷. Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
⁸. Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Topi 23460, Pakistan

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Abstract

● Properties and performance relationship of CSBT photocatalyst were investigated.

● Properties of CSBT were controlled by simply manipulating glycerol content.

● Performance was linked to semiconducting and physicochemical properties.

● CSBT (W:G ratio 9:1) had better performance with lower energy consumption.

● Phenols were reduced by 48.30% at a cost of $2.4127 per unit volume of effluent.

Understanding the relationship between the properties and performance of black titanium dioxide with core-shell structure (CSBT) for environmental remediation is crucial for improving its prospects in practical applications. In this study, CSBT was synthesized using a glycerol-assisted sol-gel approach. The effect of different water-to-glycerol ratios (W:G = 1:0, 9:1, 2:1, and 1:1) on the semiconducting and physicochemical properties of CSBT was investigated. The effectiveness of CSBT in removing phenolic compounds (PHCs) from real agro-industrial wastewater was studied. The CSBT synthesized with a W:G ratio of 9:1 has optimized properties for enhanced removal of PHCs. It has a distinct core-shell structure and an appropriate amount of Ti³⁺ cations (11.18%), which play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of CSBT. When exposed to visible light, the CSBT performed better: 48.30% of PHCs were removed after 180 min, compared to only 21.95% for TiO₂ without core-shell structure. The CSBT consumed only 45.5235 kWh/m³ of electrical energy per order of magnitude and cost $2.4127 per unit volume of treated agro-industrial wastewater. Under the conditions tested, the CSBT demonstrated exceptional stability and reusability. The CSBT showed promising results in the treatment of phenols-containing agro-industrial wastewater.

Keywords Black TiO₂ Core-shell structure Property-performance relationship Agro-industrial effluent Environmental remediation

Corresponding Author(s): Sajjad Haider,Rab Nawaz

Issue Date: 17 April 2023

Cite this article:

Sajjad Haider,Rab Nawaz,Muzammil Anjum, et al. Property-performance relationship of core-shell structured black TiO₂ photocatalyst for environmental remediation[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(9): 111.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1711-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I9/111

Fig.1 Scheme of synthesis of CSBT.

Tab.1 Effect of W:G ratio on physicochemical and optical properties of CSBT

Fig.2 (a) XRD diffractogram and (b) enlarged XRD patterns from 20° to 30° (2θ) of the CSBT synthesized at different W:G ratios.

Fig.3 TEM images and the associated particle size distribution of the CSBT synthesized at various W:G ratios (a) 1:0, (b) 9:1, (c) 2:1, and (d) 1:1 and FESEM images of the CSBT synthesized at various W:G ratios (e) 1:0, (f) 9:1, (g) 2:1, and (h) 1:1.

Fig.4 HRTEM images of the CSBT synthesized at different W:G ratios (a) 0:1, (b) 9:1, (c) 2:1, and (d) 1:1 and magnified HRTEM images at 1 nm scale constructed from the highlighted regions of (e) 0:1, (f) 9:1, (g) 2:1, and (h) 1:1 and the corresponding line profile plots of the CSBT synthesized at different W:G ratio (i) 1:0, (j) 9:1, (k) 2:1, and (l) 1:1.

Fig.5 (a) HRTEM image of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratio of 9:1, 3D top view surface plots (b) inner surface and (c) outer surface, 3D side view surface plots of (d) inner region and (e) outer region.

Fig.6 HRTEM images of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratios of (a) 0:1, (b) 9:1; FFT images of the inner surface of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratios of (ai) 1:0, (bi) 9:1; and FFT images of the outer surface of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratios of (aii) 1:0, (bii) 9:1.

Fig.7 High-resolution Ti2p spectra of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratios of (a) 1:0, (b) 9:1, (c) 2:1 and (d) 1:1; and high-resolution O1s spectra of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratios of (e) 1:0, (f) 9:1, (g) 2:1 and (h) 1:1.

Tab.2 Effect of W:G ratio on Ti³⁺ defects concentration, PHCs removal rate constants and electrical energy consumption

Fig.8 (a) UV-Vis spectra, (b) T-plot, (c) PL, and (d) EIS spectra of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratios.

Fig.9 N₂ physisorption isotherms of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratios of (a) 1:0, (b) 9:1, (c) 2:1 and (d) 1:1; and (e) pore size distribution of the samples.

Fig.10 (a) Photocatalytic activity of the CSBT synthesized at W:G ratios, (b) phenols removal efficiency, (c) kinetic plots, and (d) correlation among phenols removal efficiency, Ti³⁺ concentration and W:G ratios.

Fig.11 Correlation between physicochemical and optical properties of the CSBT synthesized at different W:G ratios and photocatalytic activity for PHCs removal (a) particle size and phenols removal, (b) bandgap and phenols removal, (c) surface area and phenol removal, and (d) pore size and phenols removal.

Fig.12 Photocatalytic degradation mechanism of phenol over CSBT synthesized at 9:1 ratio.

Fig.13 (a) Reusability tests results, (b) XRD diffractogram, (c) Raman spectra and (d) FTIR spectra of the CSBT before and after the use in four consecutive cycles.

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