Screening of indicator pharmaceuticals and personal care products in landfill leachates: a case study in Shanghai, China

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1716-y

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (9) : 116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1716-y

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Screening of indicator pharmaceuticals and personal care products in landfill leachates: a case study in Shanghai, China

Xiping Kan¹, Xia Yu¹, Wentao Zhao², Shuguang Lyu^1,⁴, Shuying Sun¹, Gang Yu³, Qian Sui^1,⁴(

)

¹. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
². State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
³. Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
⁴. Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China

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Abstract

● A systematic framework was developed to identify i-PPCPs for landfill leachate.

● The wide-scope target analysis offered a basis for comprehensive i-PPCP screening.

● Source-specificity and representativeness analysis helped to refine i-PPCPs.

● Erythromycin, gemfibrozil and albendazole were identified as i-PPCPs for leachate.

Identifying potential sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment is critical for the effective control of PPCP contamination. Landfill leachate is an important source of PPCPs in water; however, it has barely been involved in source apportionment due to the lack of indicator-PPCPs (i-PPCPs) in landfill leachates. This study provides the first systematic framework for identifying i-PPCPs for landfill leachates based on the wide-scope target monitoring of PPCPs. The number of target PPCPs increased from < 20 in previous studies to 68 in the present study. Fifty-nine PPCPs were detected, with median concentrations in leachate samples ranging from below the method quantification limit (MQL) to 41 μg/L, and 19 of them were rarely reported previously. A total of 29 target compounds were determined to be PPCPs of high concern by principal component analysis according to multiple criteria, including occurrence, exposure potential, and ecological effect. Coupled with source-specificity and representativeness analysis, erythromycin, gemfibrozil, and albendazole showed a significant difference in their occurrence in leachate compared to other potential sources (untreated and treated municipal wastewater and livestock wastewater) and correlated with total PPCP concentrations; these were recommended as i-PPCPs for leachates. Indicator screening procedure can be used to develop a sophisticated source apportionment method to identify sources of PPCPs from adjacent landfills.

Keywords Landfill leachates PPCPs Indicator Screening criteria Source-specificity

Corresponding Author(s): Xia Yu,Qian Sui

Issue Date: 17 April 2023

Cite this article:

Xiping Kan,Xia Yu,Wentao Zhao, et al. Screening of indicator pharmaceuticals and personal care products in landfill leachates: a case study in Shanghai, China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(9): 116.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1716-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I9/116

Fig.1 Method for the screening of i-PPCPs in landfill leachates.

Category	No	Compound	Abbreviation	CAS	Therapeutic class
Antibiotic PPCPs	1	Azithromycin	ATM	83905-01-5	Macrolides
	2	Clarithromycin	CTM	81103-11-9	Macrolides
	3	Erythromycin	ETM	23893-13-2	Macrolides
	4	Leucomycin	LEM	1392-21-8	Macrolides
	5	Roxithromycin	RTM	80214-83-1	Macrolides
	6	Tylosin	TYL	1401-69-0	Macrolides
	7	Flumequine	FQ	42835-25-6	Fluoroquinolones
	8	Oxolinic acid	OA	14698-29-4	Fluoroquinolones
	9	Clinafloxacin	CLX	105956-97-6	Fluoroquinolones
	10	Ciprofloxacin	CPX	85721-33-1	Fluoroquinolones
	11	Danofloxacin	DAX	112398-08-0	Fluoroquinolones
	12	Difloxacin	DIX	98106-17-3	Fluoroquinolones
	13	Enrofloxacin	EFX	93106-60-6	Fluoroquinolones
	14	Lomefloxacin	LFX	98079-51-7	Fluoroquinolones
	15	Marbofloxacin	MAX	115550-35-1	Fluoroquinolones
	16	Norfloxacin	NFX	70458-96-7	Fluoroquinolones
	17	Ofloxacin	OFX	82419-36-1	Fluoroquinolones
	18	Pefloxacin	PFX	70458-92-3	Fluoroquinolones
	19	Sarafloxacin	SFX	98105-99-8	Fluoroquinolones
	20	Sparfloxacin	SPX	110871-86-8	Fluoroquinolones
	21	Sulfaclorazina	SC	80-32-0	Sulfonamides
	22	Sulfadiazine	SD	68-35-9	Sulfonamides
	23	Sulfadimethoxine	SDM	122-11-2	Sulfonamides
	24	Sulfameter	SF	651-06-9	Sulfonamides
	25	Sulfaguanidine	SG	57-67-0	Sulfonamides
	26	Sulfisomidine	SIM	515-64-0	Sulfonamides
	27	Sulfisoxazole	SIX	127-69-5	Sulfonamides
	28	Sulfamerazine	SMR	127-79-7	Sulfonamides
	29	Sulfamethazine	SMT	57-68-1	Sulfonamides
	30	Sulfamethoxazole	SMX	723-46-6	Sulfonamides
	31	Sulfamethiazole	SMZ	144-82-1	Sulfonamides
	32	Sulfaphenazole	SPZ	526-08-9	Sulfonamides
	33	Sulfaquinoxaline	SQX	59-40-5	Sulfonamides
	34	Sulfathiazole	STZ	72-14-0	Sulfonamides
	35	Chlortetracycline	CTC	57-62-5	Tetracyclines
	36	Demeclocycline	DMC	127-33-3	Tetracyclines
	37	Doxycycline	DTC	564-25-0	Tetracyclines
	38	Oxytetracycline	OTC	79-57-2	Tetracyclines
	39	Tetracycline	TC	60-54-8	Tetracyclines
	40	Chloramphenicol	CP	56-75-7	Other antibiotics
	41	Florfenicol	FF	73231-34-2	Other antibiotics
	42	Lincomycin	LIN	154-21-2	Other antibiotics
	43	Tiamulin	TIA	55297-95-5	Other antibiotics
	44	Trimethoprim	TP	738-70-5	Other antibiotics
Non-antibiotic PPCPs	45	Salbutamol	SAL	18559-94-9	Adrenergic agent
	46	Cimetidine	CIM	51481-61-9	Antagonist
	47	Albendazole	ABZ	54965-21-8	Anthelmintics
	48	Fenbendazole	FBZ	43210-67-9	Anthelmintics
	49	Theophylline	THP	58-55-9	Anti-asthmatic agent
	50	Triclosan	TCS	3380-34-5	Antibacterial agent
	51	Warfarin	WAR	81-81-2	Anticoagulant
	52	Fluoxetine	FLU	54910-89-3	Antidepressants
	53	Sulpiride	SP	15676-16-1	Antidepressants
	54	Diltiazem	DIL	42399-41-7	Antihypertensive agent
	55	Crotamitone	CRO	483-63-6	Antipruritic
	56	Carbamazepine	CBZ	298-46-4	Anti-seizure
	57	Gliclazide	GLI	21187-98-4	Hypoglycemic agents
	58	Glyburide	GLY	10238-21-8	Hypoglycemic agents
	59	Tolbutamide	TOL	64-77-7	Hypoglycemic agents
	60	DEET	DEET	134-62-3	Insect repellent
	61	Bezafibrate	BF	41859-67-0	Lipid regulators
	62	Gemfibrozil	GF	25812-30-0	Lipid regulators
	63	Acetaminophen	ACE	103-90-2	NSAID ^a)
	64	Diclofenac	DCF	15307-86-5	NSAID
	65	Naproxen	NAP	22204-53-1	NSAID
	66	Caffeine	CF	58-08-2	Stimulant
	67	Atenolol	ATE	29122-68-7	β-Blockers
	68	Metoprolol	MTP	51384-51-1	β-Blockers

Tab.1 Target PPCPs detected in landfill leachate (n = 5), untreated municipal wastewater (n = 6), treated municipal wastewater (n = 6) and livestock wastewater (n = 7) in the studied region

Criteria	Index	Data required	Utility functions
Occurrence (O)	Detection frequency (DF)	Overall detection frequency (F)	$U (DF) = F$
Occurrence (O)	Detection concentration (DC)	Median concentration (C)	$U (DC) = log 10 (C) − log 10 (C min) log 10 (C max) − log 10 (C min)$
Exposure potential (P)	Persistence (P)	Half-life (H)	$U (P) = log 10 (H) − log 10 (H min,2) log 10 (H max,2) − log 10 (H min,2)$
Exposure potential (P)	Transportability (T)	K_oc	$U (T) = log 10 (K oc) max − log 10 (K oc) log 10 (K oc) max − log 10 (K oc) min$
Ecological effect (E)	Bioaccumulation (B)	K_ow	$U (B) = log 10 K ow − log 10 (K ow) min log 10 (K ow) max − log 10 (K ow) min$
Ecological effect (E)	Eco-toxicity (E)	RQ	$U (E) = log 10 (R Q) − log 10 (R Q min) log 10 (R Q max) − log 10 (R Q min)$

Tab.2 Criteria and corresponding utility functions used to rank PPCPs in landfill leachates

Fig.2 Median concentration and detection frequency of 68 PPCPs in the collected landfill leachates (n = 5).

Fig.3 PCA analysis for three criteria of occurrence, exposure potential and ecological effect (triangle symbols refer to individual PPCPs) (a). Ranking list of PPCPs in landfill leachate (the cut-offs for inclusion in groups I, II, III, and IV were 0.55, 0.45, and 0.30, respectively) (b). Contribution of individual criteria (occurrence, exposure potential and ecological effect) to the total score of each PPCP of high concern (c).

Fig.4 Median concentrations of PPCPs in landfill leachates, untreated municipal wastewater, treated municipal wastewater, livestock wastewater.

Fig.5 Representative analysis of i-PPCP candidates and sum concentrations of antibiotics and non-antibiotics. The result of correlation analysis (a); linear fitting between concentrations of ETM and total concentrations of antibiotics (b); linear fitting between sum concentrations of GF and ABZ and total concentrations of non-antibiotics (c).

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