Hybrid energy harvesting systems for self-powered sustainable water purification by harnessing ambient energy

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1718-9

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (10) : 118 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1718-9

REVIEW ARTICLE

Hybrid energy harvesting systems for self-powered sustainable water purification by harnessing ambient energy

Zhengyang Huo^1,²(

), Young Jun Kim², Yuying Chen³, Tianyang Song¹, Yang Yang⁴, Qingbin Yuan³(

), Sang Woo Kim²

¹. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
². School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
³. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
⁴. Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing 100038, China

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Abstract

● Energy harvesters harness multiple energies for self-powered water purification.

● Hybrid energy harvesters enable continuous output under fluctuating conditions.

● Mechanical, thermal, and solar energies enable synergic harvesting.

● Perspectives of hybrid energy harvester-driven water treatment are proposed.

The development of self-powered water purification technologies for decentralized applications is crucial for ensuring the provision of drinking water in resource-limited regions. The elimination of the dependence on external energy inputs and the attainment of self-powered status significantly expands the applicability of the treatment system in real-world scenarios. Hybrid energy harvesters, which convert multiple ambient energies simultaneously, show the potential to drive self-powered water purification facilities under fluctuating actual conditions. Here, we propose recent advancements in hybrid energy systems that simultaneously harvest various ambient energies (e.g., photo irradiation, flow kinetic, thermal, and vibration) to drive water purification processes. The mechanisms of various energy harvesters and point-of-use water purification treatments are first outlined. Then we summarize the hybrid energy harvesters that can drive water purification treatment. These hybrid energy harvesters are based on the mechanisms of mechanical and photovoltaic, mechanical and thermal, and thermal and photovoltaic effects. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential for advancing beyond the current state-of-the-art of hybrid energy harvester-driven water treatment processes. Future endeavors should focus on improving catalyst efficiency and developing sustainable hybrid energy harvesters to drive self-powered treatments under unstable conditions (e.g., fluctuating temperatures and humidity).

Keywords Piezocatalysis Solar energy Waste heat Decentralized water treatment Point-of-use Nanogenerator

Corresponding Author(s): Zhengyang Huo,Qingbin Yuan

Issue Date: 11 April 2023

Cite this article:

Zhengyang Huo,Young Jun Kim,Yuying Chen, et al. Hybrid energy harvesting systems for self-powered sustainable water purification by harnessing ambient energy[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(10): 118.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1718-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I10/118

Fig.1 (a) Illustration of hybrid energy harvesting system to convert multiple ambient energy to electricity simultaneously and continuously for enhanced and reliable outputs. Schematic illustrations of various energy harvesters that harness mechanical energy based on piezoelectric (b) and triboelectric effect (c), thermal energy based on thermoelectric (d) and pyroelectric effect (e), and solar energy based on photovoltaic effect (f).

Fig.2 Water purification using energy harvesters. (a) Schematics of the degradation mechanisms of organic pollutants in water driven by energy harvesters. (b) Schematics of the disinfection mechanisms of microbes in water when powered by energy harvesters.

Fig.3 Emerging applications of solar and piezoelectric energy harvesters for water purification. (a) Schematics showing the formation of the piezoelectric field due to water flow/turbulence and the piezo-promoted separation of photoelectrons from holes in ZnO nanorod arrays for pollutants degradation. (b) Illustrations of the synergetic effects between the piezoelectric field and photocatalysis of ZnO nanorod arrays/Ni foam to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). (c) UV light (365 nm) induced photocurrent pulse curves of ZnO nanorod arrays/Ni foam. (d) Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) on ZnO nanorod arrays under UV light irradiation, confirming the feasibility of pollutant degradation in water. Copyright 2017 Elsevier (Chen et al., 2017). (e) Schematics of the visible-light-induced piezoelectric materials for pollutant degradation using Ti₃₂-based (CTOC)/BaTiO₃/CuS three-layer heterojunction material. Copyright 2021 Elsevier (Zhou et al., 2021). (f) Schematics of the visible-light-induced piezoelectric materials for pollutant degradation using Au decorated bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr). (g) Degradation of organic pollutants using Au-BiOBr under visible light irradiation and water stirring. Copyright 2022 Elsevier (Hu et al., 2022).

Fig.4 Emerging applications of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-assisted photocatalytic processes for water purification. (a) Schematics showing the structure of the hybrid energy harvesting device integrating TENG into photocatalytic processes. (b) Illustration of the rotational TENG. (c) Degradation of organic pollutants using TENG-induced photocatalytic processes under visible light irradiation and water stirring. Copyright 2021 Springer (Shen et al., 2021). (d) Schematics showing the structure of the TENG-induced photocatalytic processes for water purification. (e) SEM images showing the photoanode (TiO₂ nanowire-modified graphite microfibers). Copyright 2015 Elsevier (Yu et al., 2015). (f) Schematics showing the structure of the TENG-induced photoelectrochemical cell. (g) Photoelectron-current at different rotation speeds in the dark or under illumination. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society (Wei et al., 2018).

Fig.5 Emerging applications using mechanical and thermal hybrid energy harvesters for water purification. (a) Material characterizations of the NaNbO₃ nanofibers. (b) Schematic of the piezo-/pyro-catalytic mechanism of NaNbO₃ nanofiber. (c) Kinetics of RhB degradation efficiency using piezo-/pyro-catalytic. (d) Comparison experiments without catalyst or with physical stirring confirming the mechanism of the piezo-/pyro-catalytic. (e) Investigation of the generated ROS during the operation using piezo-/pyro-catalytic. Copyright 2018 Elsevier (You et al., 2018). (f) Schematic showing the structure of the hybrid energy harvesting device integrating triboelectric and pyroelectric energy harvesters and schematic of the self-powered electrochemical cell for organic pollutant degradation. (g) Output performance (current) of the hybrid energy harvesting device after rectification. (h) Organic pollutants (methyl orange; MO) degradation performance using the self-powered electrochemical cell driven by thermal-induced triboelectric energy harvesters. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society (Yang et al., 2013).

Fig.6 Emerging applications using solar and thermal hybrid energy harvesters for water purification. (a) Schematics showing hybrid photovoltaic solar and thermal water disinfection systems, where UV is absorbed by photocatalytic layers, far-IR is absorbed by water, and visible and near-IR is absorbed by the photovoltaic solar cells. Copyright 2010 Elsevier (Vivar et al., 2010). (b) Schematics of hybrid photovoltaic and thermal energy harvesting devices, showing potential for driving the POU water purification system. Copyright 2011 Elsevier (Sark, 2011).

Tab.1 A summary of energy harvester-driven water disinfection applications including energy harvesting route, employed materials/devices, output, disinfection mechanisms, device layout, tested microbial strains, disinfection performance, and application scenarios

Fig.7 Outlook for research using hybrid energy harvesters to drive POU water treatment technologies.

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