Ceramic membrane fouling mechanisms and control for water treatment

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1726-9

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (10) : 126 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1726-9

REVIEW ARTICLE

Ceramic membrane fouling mechanisms and control for water treatment

Cheng Cai^1,³, Wenjun Sun^2,³(

), Siyuan He², Yuanna Zhang², Xuelin Wang²

¹. School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
². School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³. Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China

Download: PDF(2929 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

● The fouling is summarized based on ceramic membrane performance and pollutants.

● The current research methods and theoretical models are summarized.

● The membrane fouling control methods and collaborative technology are reviewed.

Membrane separation, as an important drinking water treatment technology, has wide applications. The remarkable advantages of ceramic membranes, such as chemical stability, thermal stability, and high mechanical strength, endow them with broader prospects for development. Despite the importance and advantages of membrane separation in water treatment, the technique has a limitation: membrane fouling, which greatly lowers its effectiveness. This is caused by organics, inorganic substances, and microorganisms clogging the pore and polluting the membrane surface. The increase in membrane pollution greatly lowers purification effectiveness. Controlling membrane fouling is critical in ensuring the efficient and stable operation of ceramic membranes for water treatment. This review analyzes four mechanisms of ceramic membrane fouling, namely complete blocking, standard blocking, intermediate blocking, and cake filtration blocking. It evaluates the mechanisms underlying ceramic membrane fouling and summarizes the progress in approaches aimed at controlling it. These include ceramic membrane pretreatment, ceramic membrane surface modification, membrane cleaning, magnetization, ultrasonics, and nanobubbles. This review highlights the importance of optimizing ceramic membrane preparation through further research on membrane fouling and pre-membrane pretreatment mechanisms. In addition, combining process regulations with ceramic membranes as the core is an important research direction for ceramic membrane-based water treatment.

Keywords Ceramic membrane Fouling model Fouling control

Corresponding Author(s): Wenjun Sun

Issue Date: 22 May 2023

Cite this article:

Cheng Cai,Wenjun Sun,Siyuan He, et al. Ceramic membrane fouling mechanisms and control for water treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(10): 126.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1726-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I10/126

Fig.1 Common inorganic ceramic membranes and organic membranes (ultra/microfiltration membranes) in the market (Source: original). (a) Hollow fiber organic membrane, (b) flat organic membrane, (c) plate inorganic ceramic membrane, (d) tubular inorganic ceramic membrane, (e) organic membrane section, (f) ceramic membrane section.

Region	Project name	Application field	Main impurities in water	Operation time	Process capability (m³/d)	Treatment goal	Reference
Alberta, Canada	Industrial application of ceramic nanofiltration membrane for water treatment in oil sands mine	Oily wastewater treatment	Salts, oil, high concentration of iron, surfactants, naphtha, hexane and other light hydrocarbons	2019	21600	Reduce ion concentration, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC)	Motta Cabrera et al. (2021)
Bursa Organized Industrial Zone, Turkey	Pilot scale study of hot water recovery and reuse with ceramic nanofiltration in textile fatory	Printing and dyeing wastewater, high temperature wastewater	Turbidity, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, conductivity, high pH, salinity	2020	Not specified	Remove COD, TOC, color, and hardness	A?ta? et al. (2020)
Wuxi, China	A pilot MBR–NF for treating antibiotic production wastewater	Antibiotic production wastewater from pharmaceutical company	High concentrations of organic compounds: NH₄⁺-N, spiramycin and new spiramycin	2015	0.52	Remove TOC, NH₄⁺-N, TP	Wang et al. (2015)
Ohio, USA	Ovivo applies plate ceramic membrane from Japan in the largest MBR wastewater plant in the Canton, Ohio, USA	Municipal sewage treatment	The main pollutants are COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, suspended solids, total phosphorus	2017	159000	Remove COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, suspended solids, total phosphorus	Gwi (2017)
Saudi Arabia	A desalination plantin Saudi Arabia will apply CFM Systems? (flat sheetceramic membrane)	Seawater desalination	High salt content, suspended solids, algae	2022	110000	The seawater pretreatment meets the requirements of stable reverse osmosis inflow	Li et al. (2020)
Japan	The longest running large-scale ceramic membranebased WTP in Japan, which is operational for >16 years	Water supply and treatment	/	2005	100000	The effluent meets the process operation requirements	Asif & Zhang (2021)
Singapore	Singapore PUB Choa Chu Kang Waterworks using ceramic membrane from Japan Metawater built the largest seawater desalination plant on earth. The ceramic membrane has an estimated service life of 20 years	Seawater desalination	High salt content, suspended solids, algae	2019	160000	Remove suspended solids and algae	Atkinson (2019)

Tab.1 Applications of ceramic membranes in different water treatment scenarios

Fig.2 Membrane foulant (source: original).

Fig.3 Membrane fouling effected by membrane properties (source: original).

Fig.4 Membrane fouling mechanisms (source: original).

Tab.2 Membrane fouling mechanism models under different water

Fig.5 Pre-treatment.

Fig.6 Ceramic membrane modification and outcome (Source: original).

Tab.3 Types of chemical cleaning agents and their functions (Gruskevica and Mezule, 2021; Ullah et al., 2021)

1	M Ağtaş , Ö Yılmaz , M Dilaver , K Alp , I Koyuncu . (2020). Hot water recovery and reuse in textile sector with pilot scale ceramic ultrafiltration/nanofiltration membrane system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256: 120359 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120359
2	A Al-Amoudi , R W Lovitt . (2007). Fouling strategies and the cleaning system of NF membranes and factors affecting cleaning efficiency. Journal of Membrane Science, 303(1): 4–28
3	S F Anis , B S Lalia , R Hashaikeh , N Hilal . (2022). Ceramic nanofiltration membranes for efficient fouling mitigation through periodic electrolysis. Separation and Purification Technology, 303: 122228 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122228
4	M B Asif , Z Zhang . (2021). Ceramic membrane technology for water and wastewater treatment: a critical review of performance, full-scale applications, membrane fouling and prospects. Chemical Engineering Journal, 418: 129481 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129481
5	S Atkinson . (2019). PUB opens upgraded waterworks which houses the world’s largest ceramic membrane water treatment plant. Membrane Technology, 2019(10): 5–6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-2118(19)30184-3
6	Bai Z, Fan C, Zhang J, Peng W (2018). Experimental Research and Numerical Simulation of Ceramic Membrane Modules. Beijing: Editorial Board of Environmental Engineering, 214–217, 225 (in Chinese)
7	J S Baker , S J Judd . (1996). Magnetic amelioration of scale formation. Water Research, 30(2): 247–260 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00184-0
8	S Byun , S H Davies , A L Alpatova , L M Corneal , M J Baumann , V V Tarabara , S J Masten . (2011). Mn oxide coated catalytic membranes for a hybrid ozonation-membrane filtration: comparison of Ti, Fe and Mn oxide coated membranes for water quality. Water Research, 45(1): 163–170 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.031
9	W CaiJ ZhangY LiQ ChenW XieJ (2022) Wang. Characterizing membrane fouling formation during ultrafiltration of high-salinity organic wastewater. Chemosphere, 287(Pt 1): 132057
10	X Cheng , H Liang , F Ding , S Shao , D Wu . (2016). Effects of pre-ozonation on the ultrafiltration of different natural organic matter (NOM) fractions: membrane fouling mitigation, prediction and mechanism. Journal of Membrane Science, 505: 15–25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.01.022
11	Y T Chiou , M L Hsieh , H H Yeh . (2010). Effect of algal extracellular polymer substances on UF membrane fouling. Desalination, 250(2): 648–652 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.02.043
12	J Cho , G Amy , J Pellegrino . (2000). Membrane filtration of natural organic matter: comparison of flux decline, NOM rejection, and foulants during filtration with three UF membranes. Desalination, 127(3): 283–298 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00017-5
13	Y Fan , W Xing . (2013). Research progress on surface properties of ceramic membranes. Membrane Science and Technology, 33(05): 1–7
14	C J Gabelich , K P Ishida , F W Gerringer , R Evangelista , M Kalyan , I H M Suffet . (2006). Control of residual aluminum from conventional treatment to improve reverse osmosis performance. Desalination, 190(1): 147–160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.09.002
15	E Garmsiri , Y Rasouli , M Abbasi , A A Izadpanah . (2017). Chemical cleaning of mullite ceramic microfiltration membranes which are fouled during oily wastewater treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 19: 81–95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.07.012
16	M M Gentleman , J A Ruud . (2010). Role of hydroxyls in oxide wettability. Langmuir, 26(3): 1408–1411 https://doi.org/10.1021/la903029c
17	B Gong , W Chen , C Qian , P H L Sit , X W Liu , H Q Yu . (2023). Contribution of proteins to ceramic membrane fouling at the early stage of membrane filtration. Separation and Purification Technology, 312: 123450 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123450
18	A Ghadimkhani , W Zhang , T Marhaba . (2016). Ceramic membrane defouling (cleaning) by air Nano Bubbles. Chemosphere, 146: 379–384 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.023
19	K Gruskevica , L Mezule . (2021). Cleaning methods for ceramic ultrafiltration membranes affected by organic fouling. Membranes (Basel), 11(2): 131 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020131
20	Y Guo , Z Song , B Xu , Y Li , F Qi , J P Croue , D Yuan . (2018). A novel catalytic ceramic membrane fabricated with CuMn2O4 particles for emerging UV absorbers degradation from aqueous and membrane fouling elimination. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 344: 1229–1239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.044
21	S O (2017) Gwi. See how the world’s major MBR manufacturers seize the market through the international MBR technology trend. Shanghai: China Membrane Industry Association
22	N Her , G Amy , D Mcknight , J Sohn , Y Yoon . (2003). Characterization of DOM as a function of MW by fluorescence EEM and HPLC-SEC using UVA, DOC, and fluorescence detection. Water Research, 37(17): 4295–4303 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00317-8
23	C C Ho , A L Zydney . (2000). A combined pore blockage and cake filtration model for protein fouling during microfiltration. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 232(2): 389–399 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7231
24	H Huang , T A Young , J G Jacangelo . (2008). Unified membrane fouling index for low pressure membrane filtration of natural waters: principles and methodology. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(3): 714–720 https://doi.org/10.1021/es071043j
25	R Huang , H Pan , X Zheng , C Fan , W Si , D Bao , S Gao , J Tian . (2023). Effect of membrane pore size on membrane fouling of corundum ceramic membrane in MBR. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5): 4558 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054558
26	Y Jeong , Y Kim , Y Jin , S Hong , C Park . (2018). Comparison of filtration and treatment performance between polymeric and ceramic membranes in anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of domestic wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology, 199: 182–188 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.01.057
27	L Jin , S L Ong , H Y Ng . (2010). Comparison of fouling characteristics in different pore-sized submerged ceramic membrane bioreactors. Water Research, 44(20): 5907–5918 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.014
28	B Karnik , S Davies , M Baumann , S Masten . (2005). Fabrication of catalytic membranes for the treatment of drinking water using combined ozonation and ultrafiltration. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(19): 7656–7661 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0503938
29	A Khalil , R Rosset , C Gabrielli , M Keddam , H Perrot . (1999). Characterization of the efficiency of antiscale treatments of water. Part II: Physical processes. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 29(3): 339–346 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003431426408
30	J Kim , B Van Der Bruggen . (2010). The use of nanoparticles in polymeric and ceramic membrane structures: Review of manufacturing procedures and performance improvement for water treatment. Environmental Pollution, 158(7): 2335–2349 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.024
31	J KimS DaviesM J BaumannV V TarabaraS J (2008) Masten. Effect of ozone dosage and hydrodynamic conditions on the permeate flux in a hybrid ozonation–ceramic ultrafiltration system treating natural waters. Journal of Membrane Science, 311(1–2): 165–172
32	P Kim , K Park , H Kim , J Kim . (2020). Comparative analysis of fouling mechanisms of ceramic and polymeric microfiltration membrane for algae harvesting. Desalination and Water Treatment, 173: 12–20 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.24697
33	K Kimura , H Yamamura , Y Watanabe . (2006). Irreversible fouling in MF/UF membranes caused by natural organic Matters (NOMs) isolated from different origins. Separation Science and Technology, 41(7): 1331–1344 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390600634665
34	K KoniecznyG (2002) Klomfas. Using activated carbon to improve natural water treatment by porous membranes. Desalination, 147(1–3): 109–116
35	K Y Law . (2014). Definitions for hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and superhydrophobicity: getting the basics right. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 5(4): 686–688 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz402762h
36	S J Lee , M Dilaver , P K Park , J H Kim . (2013). Comparative analysis of fouling characteristics of ceramic and polymeric microfiltration membranes using filtration models. Journal of Membrane Science, 432: 97–105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.01.013
37	C Li , W Sun , Z Lu , X Ao , S Li . (2020). Ceramic nanocomposite membranes and membrane fouling: a review. Water Research, 175: 115674 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115674
38	D Lu , W Cheng , T Zhang , X Lu , Q Liu , J Jiang , J Ma . (2016). Hydrophilic Fe2O3 dynamic membrane mitigating fouling of support ceramic membrane in ultrafiltration of oil/water emulsion. Separation and Purification Technology, 165: 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.03.034
39	Y LvH LiuZ WangS LiuL HaoY SangD LiuJ WangR I (2009) Boughton. Silver nanoparticle-decorated porous ceramic composite for water treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 331(1–2): 50–56
40	Ma J H, Xiang J, Li Juan (2010a). The fouling mechanism of ceramic membrane cross-flow microfiltration of seawater. Membrane Science and Technology, 30(3): 87−92 (in Chinese)
41	N Ma , Y Zhang , X Quan , X Fan , H Zhao . (2010b). Performing a microfiltration integrated with photocatalysis using an Ag-TiO2/HAP/Al2O3 composite membrane for water treatment: evaluating effectiveness for humic acid removal and anti-fouling properties. Water Research, 44(20): 6104–6114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.068
42	S S Madaeni , T Mohamamdi , M K Moghadam . (2001). Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination, 134(1): 77–82
43	M C Marti-Calatayud , S Schneider , S Yuece , M Wessling . (2018). Interplay between physical cleaning, membrane pore size and fluid rheology during the evolution of fouling in membrane bioreactors. Water Research, 147(12): 393–402
44	F Meng , S Zhang , Y Oh , Z Zhou , H S Shin , S R Chae . (2017). Fouling in membrane bioreactors: an updated review. Water Research, 114: 151–180 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.006
45	T Moritz , S Benfer , P Árki , G Tomandl . (2001). Influence of the surface charge on the permeate flux in the dead-end filtration with ceramic membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 25(1): 501–508 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(01)00080-6
46	S Motta Cabrera , L Winnubst , H Richter , I Voigt , A Nijmeijer . (2021). Industrial application of ceramic nanofiltration membranes for water treatment in oil sands mines. Separation and Purification Technology, 256: 117821 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117821
47	G Mustafa , K Wyns , A Buekenhoudt , V Meynen . (2016). New insights into the fouling mechanism of dissolved organic matter applying nanofiltration membranes with a variety of surface chemistries. Water Research, 93: 195–204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.030
48	G Mustafa , K Wyns , S Janssens , A Buekenhoudt , V Meynen . (2018). Evaluation of the fouling resistance of methyl grafted ceramic membranes for inorganic foulants and co-effects of organic foulants. Separation and Purification Technology, 193: 29–37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.015
49	M NingX FanQ XieY (2009) Zhang. Ag–TiO2/HAP/Al2O3 bioceramic composite membrane: fabrication, characterization and bactericidal activity. Journal of Membrane Science, 336(1–2): 1–2
50	H K OhS TakizawaS OhgakiH KatayamaK OgumaM J (2007) Yu. Removal of organics and viruses using hybrid ceramic MF system without draining PAC. Desalination, 202(1–3): 191–198
51	C Psoch , S Schiewer . (2006). Resistance analysis for enhanced wastewater membrane filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, 280(1): 284–297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.01.030
52	M Qasim , N N Darwish , S Mhiyo , N A Darwish , N Hilal . (2018). The use of ultrasound to mitigate membrane fouling in desalination and water treatment. Desalination, 443: 143–164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.04.007
53	F Qu , H Liang , J Tian , H Yu , Z Chen , G Li . (2012). Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling caused by cyanobateria: fouling effects of cells and extracellular organics matter (EOM). Desalination, 293: 30–37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.02.020
54	H Sakamoto , A Hafuka , T Tsuchiya , K Kimura . (2022). Intensive routine cleaning for mitigation of fouling in flat-sheet ceramic membranes used for drinking water production: unique characteristics of resulting foulants. Separation and Purification Technology, 301: 121950 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121950
55	A I Schäfer , U Schwicker , M M Fischer , A G Fane , T D Waite . (2000). Microfiltration of colloids and natural organic matter. Journal of Membrane Science, 171(2): 151–172 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00286-0
56	B Schlichter , V Mavrov , H Chmiel . (2004). Study of a hybrid process combining ozonation and microfiltration/ultrafiltration for drinking water production from surface water. Desalination, 168: 307–317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.07.014
57	Song J, Zhang Z, Tang S, Tan Y, Zhang X (2018). Does pre-ozonation or in-situ ozonation really mitigate the protein-based ceramic membrane fouling in the integrated process of ozonation coupled with ceramic membrane filtration? Journal of Membrane Science, 548: 254–262
58	M Stoller . (2009). On the effect of flocculation as pretreatment process and particle size distribution for membrane fouling reduction. Desalination, 240(1): 209–217
59	A Ullah , H J Tanudjaja , M Ouda , S W Hasan , J W Chew . (2021). Membrane fouling mitigation techniques for oily wastewater: A short review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 43: 102293 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102293
60	J Wang , K Li , Y Wei , Y Cheng , D Wei , M Li . (2015). Performance and fate of organics in a pilot MBR–NF for treating antibiotic production wastewater with recycling NF concentrate. Chemosphere, 121: 92–100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.034
61	N A Weerasekara , K H Choo , C H Lee . (2014). Hybridization of physical cleaning and quorum quenching to minimize membrane biofouling and energy consumption in a membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 67(12): 1–10
62	X Wei , Z Wang , J Wang , S Wang . (2009). Nanofiltration advanced treatment of antibiotics pharmaceutical wastewater membrane pollution and its control. Membrane Science and Technology, 29(04): 91–97
63	A WeisM R BirdM (2003) Nystroem. The chemical cleaning of polymeric UF membranes fouled with spent sulphite liquor over multiple operational cycles. Journal of Membrane Science, 216(1–2): 67–79
64	M R Wiesner , M M Clark , J Mallevialle . (1989). Membrane filtration of coagulated suspensions. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 115(1): 20–40 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1989)115:1(20)
65	Z Wu , H Chen , Y Dong , H Mao , J Sun , S Chen , V Craig , J Hu . (2008). Cleaning using nanobubbles: defouling by electrochemical generation of bubbles. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 328(1): 10–14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.08.064
66	J Xing , L Du , X Quan , X Luo , S A Snyder , H Liang . (2021). Combining chlor(am)ine-UV oxidation to ultrafiltration for potable water reuse: promoted efficiency, membrane fouling control and mechanism. Journal of Membrane Science, 635: 119511 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119511
67	J Xu , J Xie , Y Lu , J Ren , S Chen . (2020). Membrane fouling characteristics of disc tube nanofiltration membranes in domestic water treatment. Chemical Engineering Progress, 39(05): 2000–2008
68	Y Yang , Y Qiu , Y Liu , Y Zhao . (2021). Analysis of Fouling Characteristics of Diatomite Ceramic Membrane Using Filtration Models. E3S Web of Conferences, 233: 01049 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301049
69	W YuN J D GrahamG D (2016) Fowler. Coagulation and oxidation for controlling ultrafiltration membrane fouling in drinking water treatment: application of ozone at low dose in submerged membrane tank. Water Research, 95(May 15): 1–10
70	X Zhang , J Guo , L Wang , J Hu , J Zhu . (2013). In situ ozonation to control ceramic membrane fouling in drinking water treatment. Desalination, 328(11): 1–7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.08.010
71	X L Zhang , L H Fan , F A Roddick . (2014). Feedwater coagulation to mitigate the fouling of a ceramic MF membrane caused by soluble algal organic matter. Separation and Purification Technology, 133: 221–226 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.06.053
72	Zhou X, Liu W, Xiao K, Luo Y, Zou S, Huang B (2010). Membrane fouling mechanism and its control technology. Journal of Dongguan University of Technology, 17(01): 57−61 (in Chinese)
73	H Zhu , X Wen , X Huang . (2009). Influence of ozone on membrane fouling in membrane water treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 30(1): 302–312

[1]	Xiaoman Liu, Chang Tian, Yanxia Zhao, Weiying Xu, Dehua Dong, Kaimin Shih, Tao Yan, Wen Song. Enhanced cross-flow filtration with flat-sheet ceramic membranes by titanium-based coagulation for membrane fouling control[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(8): 110-.
[2]	Shan Xue, Shaobin Sun, Weihua Qing, Taobo Huang, Wen Liu, Changqing Liu, Hong Yao, Wen Zhang. Experimental and computational assessment of 1,4-Dioxane degradation in a photo-Fenton reactive ceramic membrane filtration process[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(5): 95-.
[3]	Wenyue Li, Min Chen, Zhaoxiang Zhong, Ming Zhou, Weihong Xing. Hydroxyl radical intensified Cu₂O NPs/H₂O₂ process in ceramic membrane reactor for degradation on DMAc wastewater from polymeric membrane manufacturer[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 102-.
[4]	SUI Pengzhe, WEN Xianghua, HUANG Xia. Membrane fouling control by ultrasound in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor[J]. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng., 2007, 1(3): 362-367.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed