Impact of historical pattern of human activities and natural environment on wetland in Heilongjiang River Basin

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1751-8

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (12) : 151 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1751-8

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact of historical pattern of human activities and natural environment on wetland in Heilongjiang River Basin

Chaoxue Song¹, Hong S. He²(

), Kai Liu¹, Haibo Du¹, Justin Krohn³

¹. Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
². School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
³. Center for Applied Research and Engagement Systems, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA

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Abstract

● Wetlands have been fragmented over the last century by environmental changes.

● The relative importance of human activities and climate change varies geographically.

● Human activities are more important than climate change at the century scale.

● Climate change is more important at the decadal scale.

● Geographic factors are most important in all periods of the past century.

Mid and high latitude wetlands are becoming fragmented and losing ecosystem functions at a much faster rate than many other ecosystems. This is due in part to increasing human activities and climate change. In this study, we analyzed wetland distribution and spatial pattern changes for the Heilongjiang River Basin over the past 100 yr. We identified the driving factors and quantified the relative importance of each factor based on landscape pattern metrics and machine learning algorithms. Our results show that wetlands have been fragmented into smaller and regular patches with dominant factors that varied at different periods. Geographic features play the most important role in patterns of wetland change for the entire basin (with 50%–60% of relative importance). Human activities are more important than climate change at the century scale, but less important when magnified at the decadal scale. In the early 1900s, human activities were relatively low and localized and remained that way in the subsequent decades. Thus, the effect of human activities on wetland area of the entire basin is weaker when examined at the magnified decadal scale. The results also show that human activities are more important on the Chinese side of the Heilongjiang River Basin, in the Zeya-Bureya Plain on the Russian side, and at lower altitudes (0–100 m). Revealing the spatial and temporal processes and driving factors over the past 100 yr helps researchers and policymakers understand and anticipate wetland change and design effective conservation and restoration policies.

Keywords Wetland change Human activities Climate change Driving mechanism Heilongjiang River Basin

Corresponding Author(s): Hong S. He

Issue Date: 24 July 2023

Cite this article:

Chaoxue Song,Hong S. He,Kai Liu, et al. Impact of historical pattern of human activities and natural environment on wetland in Heilongjiang River Basin[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(12): 151.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1751-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I12/151

Model	Research institutions and countries	Resolution (Lat. × Lon.)	Pr- $R M S E ′$	Temp- $R M S E ′$
ACCESS-CM2	Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Bureau of Meteorology Australia (Australia)	1.25° × 1.88°	−0.34	0.96
CanESM5	Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (Canada)	0.94° × 1.25°	−0.39	−0.38
CESM2-WACCM	Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (Canada)	0.94° × 1.25°	−0.20	−0.31
CMCC-CM2-SR5	Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Italy)	0.94° × 1.25°	0.02	0.00
IITM-ESM	Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (India)	1.91° × 1.88°	0.00	1.05
INM-CM4-8	Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Science (Russia)	1.5° × 2°	0.69	−0.26
INM-CM5-0	Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Science (Russia)	1.5° × 2°	0.60	−0.26
IPSL-CM6A-LR	Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (France)	1.26° × 2.5°	−0.04	0.33
KIOST-ESM	Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (Korea)	1.88° × 1.88°	−0.62	2.16
MIROC6	National Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Tokyo (Japan)	1.41° × 1.41°	0.02	−0.35
ENSM3	Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (China)	1.88° × 1.88°	0.35	0.68

Tab.1 Basic information of the 11 selected CMIP6 models

Tab.2 Corresponding table of land use types and hemeroby degree

Fig.1 Landscape indices of wetland in the Heilongjiang River Basin over the past 100 yr (Area represents wetland area, PD represents patch density, MSI represents mean shape index, and AI represents aggregation index). (a) Change of Area and PD; (b) change of MSI and AI.

Fig.2 Changes in precipitation (a), temperature (b), and hemeroby index (HI) (c) at the century scale and on three magnified decadal scales (1900–1920, 1920–1990, 1990–2016). The red dashed line is a trend line with p-value < 0.05. The gray dashed line is p-value > 0.05 (insignificant). The shaded areas indicate one standard deviation of the five models.

Fig.3 Partial marginal effect plots of independent variables on wetland area change in the boosted regression trees (BRTs) (a, b, c, d represent the periods 1900–2016, 1900–1920, 1920–1990, 1990–2016, respectively). The shaded areas indicate one standard deviation of the five models.

Fig.4 Analysis of the driving factors in wetland area change. (a, b, c, d) represent the periods 1900–2016, 1900–1920, 1920–1990, 1990–2016 respectively. PR: precipitation; TEMP: temperature; HI: hemeroby index; SLO: slope; ASP: aspect; ALT: altitude; DTR: distance to river; LON: longitude; LAT: latitude. The error bars represent one standard deviation of the five models.

Fig.5 Relative importance (RI) of human activities and climate change on wetland area change across the region over the past 100 yr. (a, b, and c) represent the relative importance of PR, TEM, and HI on wetland area change with latitude and longitude, respectively, and (d) indicates the change of relative importance with altitude. PR: precipitation; TEMP: temperature; HI: hemeroby index.

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