Impact factors and pathways of halonitromethanes formation from aspartic acid during LED-UV<sub>265</sub>/chlorine disinfection

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1770-0

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (1) : 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1770-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact factors and pathways of halonitromethanes formation from aspartic acid during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection

Liangwen Zhu¹, Tao Wang¹, Qian Tang¹, Qing Wang¹, Lin Deng¹(

), Jun Hu^1,², Chaoqun Tan¹, Rajendra Prasad Singh¹

¹. Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
². College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China

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Abstract

● Cu²⁺ promoted the formation of HNMs during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection.

● Increasing Br⁻ significantly influenced the production and species of HNMs.

● Formation pathways of HNMs were proposed during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection.

● The formation laws of HNMs in real water were similar to that in simulated water.

● LED-UV₂₆₅ can replace the mercury lamp during UV/chlorine disinfection.

Light emitting diode (LED-UV)/chlorine disinfection can replace UV/chlorine disinfection in wastewater treatment plants and water supply plants. Halonitromethanes (HNMs) are a class of novel nitrogenous disinfection by-products, which are characterized by higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than regulated disinfection by-products. Herein, the impact factors and pathways of HNMs formation from aspartic acid (ASP) were investigated during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. The results showed that three types of chlorinated-HNMs (Cl-HNMs) were found during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection, and their concentrations increased first and then declined as the reaction progressed. Cl-HNMs yields increased with increasing LED-UV₂₆₅ intensity, free chlorine dosage, and ASP concentration, which declined with increasing pH (6.0–8.0). Meantime, the important impact of the coexisting ions contained in water matrices on HNMs formation from ASP was observed during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. It was found that copper ions (Cu²⁺) promoted Cl-HNMs formation. Furthermore, when bromide (Br^–) appeared during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection, nine types of HNMs were detected simultaneously. Moreover, Br^– not only converted Cl-HNMs toward brominated (chlorinated)-HNMs and brominated-HNMs but also showed a marked effect on HNMs concentrations and species. Subsequently, the possible pathways of HNMs formation from ASP were proposed during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. At last, it was proved that the formation trends of HNMs obtained in the real waters were similar to those in simulated waters. This work elaborated on the influence factors and pathways of HNMs formation, which is conducive to controlling the HNMs produced during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection.

Keywords LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine HNMs Aspartic acid Bromide Copper ions

Corresponding Author(s): Lin Deng

Issue Date: 06 September 2023

Cite this article:

Liangwen Zhu,Tao Wang,Qian Tang, et al. Impact factors and pathways of halonitromethanes formation from aspartic acid during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(1): 10.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1770-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I1/10

Fig.1 Formation of CNM, DCNM, and TCNM from ASP during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. Conditions: [ASP] = 2 mmol/L, [free chlorine] = 10 mg/L, [UV intensity] = 0.61 mW/cm², pH = 7.0.

Fig.2 Effect of UV intensity on the formation of CNM, DCNM, and TCNM during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. Conditions: [ASP] = 2 mmol/L, [free chlorine] = 10 mg/L, pH = 7.0.

Fig.3 Effect of free chlorine dosage on the formation of CNM, DCNM, and TCNM during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. Conditions: [ASP] = 2 mmol/L, [UV₂₆₅ intensity] = 0.61 mW/cm², pH = 7.0.

Fig.4 Effect of ASP concentration on the formation of CNM, DCNM, and TCNM during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. Conditions: [free chlorine] = 10 mg/L, [UV intensity] = 0.61 mW/cm², pH = 7.0.

Fig.5 Effect of pH on the formation of CNM, DCNM, and TCNM from ASP during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. Conditions: [ASP] = 2 mmol/L, [free chlorine] = 10 mg/L, [UV₂₆₅ intensity] = 0.61 mW/cm².

Fig.6 Effect of Cu²⁺ on the formation of CNM, DCNM, and TCNM from ASP during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection (a) and the UV-Vis spectrum of Cu²⁺ solution (b) and the mixture of ASP-Cu²⁺ solution (c). Conditions: [ASP] = 2 mmol/L, [free chlorine] = 10 mg/L, [UV₂₆₅ intensity] = 0.61 mW/cm², pH = 7.0.

Fig.7 Effect of Br⁻ on the formation of Cl⁻HNMs, Br (Cl)-HNMs, Br-HNMs, and HNMs (a) and the maximum concentrations of Cl⁻HNMs, Br (Cl)-HNMs, and Br-HNMs (b) during LED-UV₂₆₅/ chlorine disinfection. Conditions: [ASP] = 2 mmol/L, [free chlorine] = 10 mg/L, [UV₂₆₅ intensity] = 0.61 mW/cm², pH = 7.0.

Scheme1 Possible formation pathways of HNMs from ASP during LED-UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection.

Fig.8 Formation of HNMs in real water samples from WTP (a₁–d₁) and WSP (a₂–d₂) during UV₂₆₅/chlorine disinfection. Conditions: [ASP] = 2 mmol/L, [free chlorine] = 10 mg/L, [UV₂₆₅ intensity] = 0.61 mW/cm². (a₁ and a₂) chlorination alone; (b₁ and b₂) chlorination with the addition of ASP; (c₁ and c₂) LED-UV265/chlorination; (d₁ and d₂) LED-UV265/chlorination with the addition of ASP.

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[1]	Qian-Yuan Wu, Yi-Jun Yan, Yao Lu, Ye Du, Zi-Fan Liang, Hong-Ying Hu. Identification of important precursors and theoretical toxicity evaluation of byproducts driving cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in chlorination[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(2): 25-.
[2]	Yanhui ZHAN, Jianwei LIN, Yanling QIU, Naiyun GAO, Zhiliang ZHU. Adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solution on bilayer hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-modified zeolite[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng Chin, 2011, 5(1): 65-75.

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