Effects of acid deposition control in China: a review based on responses of subtropical forests

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1837-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (6) : 77 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1837-4

Effects of acid deposition control in China: a review based on responses of subtropical forests

Danni Xie¹, Xiaodong Ge^2,³, Lei Duan^2,³(

), Jan Mulder⁴(

)

¹. School of Land Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
². State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
⁴. Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway

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Abstract

● S and N leaching from forest soils declined due to recent decreases in anthropogenic S and N emissions in China.

● Streamwater chemistry recovery was delayed by at least 5 years after peak S and N deposition.

● N₂O–N emission are particularly high in (sub)tropical forests and may amount to 8% of total N deposition from the atmosphere.

● N₂O emissions from forest soils declined with reduction in N deposition.

For many decades, acid deposition used to pose a significant regional air pollution challenge in China. After substantial emission control of anthropogenically derived sulfur and nitrogen containing gasses, both sulfur and nitrogen deposition, as well as the acid rain-affected area, have significantly decreased compared to their peak levels. Forests, particularly in the humid subtropics, are sensitive to acid deposition, as evidenced by soil acidification, sulfate and nitrate leaching in stream water, and elevated soil nitrous oxide emission. Reduction in the total deposition of sulfur and nitrogen, caused a significant decline in sulfate and nitrate leaching from subtropical forest and subsequently in sulfate and nitrate concentrations in stream water, although there was about a 5-year delay. This delay may be attributed to the desorption of accumulated sulfate and continued elevated mineralization of accumulated nitrogen pools. Emissions of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, also declined in nitrogen-saturated subtropical forest soils, as soil water nitrate concentration decreased. Therefore, subtropical forests in China suffering from elevated acid deposition have begun to recover. Yet, the current levels of sulfur and nitrogen deposition continue to exceed the critical loads, i.e., the assigned threshold levels in accordance with emission control policies, in more than 10% of the country’s land area, respectively, indicating remaining risks of acidification and eutrophication. Thus, further emission reductions are urgently needed, also because they will help achieving goals related to air quality and nitrous oxide emissions.

Keywords Acidification Critical load Nitrous oxide Surface water chemistry Recovery

Corresponding Author(s): Lei Duan,Jan Mulder

Issue Date: 30 May 2024

Cite this article:

Danni Xie,Xiaodong Ge,Lei Duan, et al. Effects of acid deposition control in China: a review based on responses of subtropical forests[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(6): 77.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1837-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I6/77

Fig.1 Average annual emissions of SO₂–S, NO_x–N, and NH₃–N (A), average annual wet deposition fluxes of SO₄^2––S, NO₃^––N, and NH₄⁺–N in China wet deposition (B), and bulk and throughfall deposition fluxes in forests in China, both at the national scale and in the sub-tropics (C). Emission data from 1980 to 2004 are from MEIC (Zheng et al., 2018), and it from 2005 to 2020 are from Zhao et al. (2022). Wet deposition of SO₄^2––S is from Acid Rain Monitoring Network of China Meteorological Administration (CMA, 2023), and wet deposition of NO₃^––N and NH₄⁺–N are from the Nationwide Nitrogen Deposition Monitoring Network (Li et al., 2019; Wen et al., 2020). Bulk and throughfall deposition fluxes in forests in China are from Du (2018).

Fig.2 Simulated total deposition of SO₄^2––S, NO₃^––N, and NH₄⁺–N in China. Data are from Zhao et al. (2022).

Fig.3 Critical loads (CL) exceedance for soil acidification and ecosystem eutrophication with the changes in acid deposition in China from 2005 to 2022. Data are from Yu et al. (2024).

Fig.4 Monitoring sites of stream water chemistry in China (A), The relationship between runoff SO₄^2– flux and S deposition (B), and the relationship between runoff NO₃^– flux and N deposition (C). The sampling sites of headwater streams are from Lv et al. (2023b); The 24 sites in North-west China are from alpine meadow, while the remaining 325 sites were from forest. The comparison of runoff flux is from stream water in south-western China (Xie et al., 2024).

Fig.5 Long-term monitoring and N addition manipulation experiments (A), Ratio of N₂O emission to total N deposition in forests in China (B), as well as the relationship between N₂O emissions and N input in subtropical forest sites (C). The number in A near each circle or triangle represent the soil N₂O emissions (unit: kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) recorded from monitoring sites or control plots in the N manipulation experiment sites. A positive slope of the arrow in C indicates that N₂O emissions increase with increasing N input, while a negative slope indicates that N₂O emissions decrease with increasing N input. Data are from Du et al. (2024) and Li et al. (2020a).

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