The genus <italic>Pythium</italic> in Taiwan, China (1) – a synoptic review

doi:10.1007/s11515-009-0009-6

Front Biol Chin

2009, Vol. 4

Issue (1) : 15-28 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-009-0009-6

REVIEW

The genus Pythium in Taiwan, China (1) – a synoptic review

Hon-Hing HO(

)

Department of Biology, State University of New York, New Paltz, New York 12561, USA

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Abstract

The genus Pythium, with slightly over 280 described species, has been classified traditionally with other filamentous, coenocytic, sporangia-producing fungi as “Phycomyetes”. However, with recent advances in chemical, ultrastructural and molecular studies, Pythium spp. are now considered as “fungus-like organisms” or “pseudo-fungi” and are placed in the Kingdom Chromista or Kingdom Straminopila, distinct from the true fungi of the Kingdom Fungi or Kingdom Mycota. They are widely distributed throughout the world as soil saprophytes or plant pathogens. Because of the warm moist maritime climate, Taiwan, China, is especially rich in Pythium species. To date, 48 species of Pythium have been reported from Taiwan, China, with the dominant species being Py. vexans, Py.spinosum, Py. splendens, Py. aphanidermatum, Py. dissotocum and Py. acanthicum. There is no definite geographical distribution of Pythium spp. in Taiwan, China. Twenty nine species of Pythium have proven to be plant pathogens attacking a wide variety of woody and herbaceous plants primarily causing pre- and post-emergence seedling damping-off, root rot, stem rot and rotting of fruits, tubers and ginger rhizomes, resulting in serious economic losses. The most important plant pathogenic species include Py. aphanidermatum and Py. Myriotylum, which are most active during the hot and wet summer months; whereas Py.splendens, Py. spinosum, Py. ultimum and Py. irregulare cause the greatest damage in the cool winter. Most Pythium spp. are non-specific pathogens, infecting mainly juvenile or succulent tissues. This review attempts to assess the taxonomic position of the genus Pythium and provide details of the historical development of the study of Pythium as pathogens in Taiwan, China, causing diseases of sugarcane, trees, vegetables, fruits, specialty crops and flowering plants, as well as measures to control these diseases. Of special note is the introduction of the S-H mixture which, when used as soil amendment, effectively controls many soil-borne Pythium diseases during the early stages of plant growth. The diversity of Pythium species in Taiwan, China, is discussed in comparison with the situation in the mainland of China and suggestions are made to fully utilize Pythium spp. as agents for biological control, in industry and medicine.

Keywords Pythiaceae oomycetes Chromista Straminolia plant pathogens soil-borne disease saprophytes mycoparasites biodiversity

Corresponding Author(s): HO Hon-Hing,Email:hoh@newpaltz.edu

Issue Date: 05 March 2009

Cite this article:

Hon-Hing HO. The genus Pythium in Taiwan, China (1) – a synoptic review[J]. Front Biol Chin, 2009, 4(1): 15-28.

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https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-009-0009-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2009/V4/I1/15

Tab.1 Presence of species in the study area and the mainland of China

species	hosts	species	hosts
acanthicum	Saccharum officinarum L.		Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Cucumis sativus L.,
afertile	Oryza sativum L., Saccharum officinarum L.		Daucus carota L., Dianthus chinensis L., Eleocharis
aphanidermatum	Acacia mangium Willd., Amaranthus mangostanus		plantaginea R. Br. var. tuberosa Makino, Hordeum
	L., Capsicum frutescens L., Calotropis procera (Ait.)		vulgare L., Ipomea reptans Poir, Lactuca sativa L.,
	Ait., Carica papaya L., Chrysanthem sp., Cucumis		Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit., Lilium spp.,
	sativus L., Diospyros kaki Thunb., Euphorbia		Liquidambar formosana Hance, Lycopersicon
	pulcherrima Willd. Ex. Klotzsch, Lactuca sativa		esculentum Mill., Oryza sativa L., Papver rhoeas L.,
	L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Phaseolus aureus R.,		Phaseolus aureus Roxb., Phellodendron spp., Pinus
	Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pinus luchuensis Mayr., Pisum		elliotti Engelm., Pinus kaisya Royle & Gord, Pinus
	sativum L., Saccharum officinarum L., Schizolobium		luchuensis Mayr, Pinus patula Schlechtend & Champ,
	paraphyba Vell., Solanum melongena L., Solanum		Pinus taeda L., Pawlonia fortuneii Hemle., Pawlonia
	tuberosum L., Zea mays L.		kawakamii Itl., Pawlonia taiwaniana He & Chang.
aritisporum	Cucumis melo L.		Pawlonia tomentosa Steud, Raphanus sativus L.,
arrhenomanes	Oryza sativa L., Saccharum officinarum L.		Solanum melongena L., Zinnia elegans Jacq.
debaryanum	Cucumis melo L., Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.).	splendens	Abroma angusta Stevc., Broussonetia papyrifer (L.)
	Hook., Pinus elliotti Engelm., Saccharum officinarumL.		L'Herit ex. Vent., Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait., Camellia
catenulatum	Rosmarinus officinales L., Saccharum officinarum L.		oleifera Abel., Camellia tenuifiolia (Hay.) Cohen-Stuart.,
coloratum	hydroponic vegetables		Casuarina glauca Sieb., Casuarina equistifolia Forst.,
deliense	Cucumis sativum L., Cunninghamella kanchirai Hay.,		Cinnmomum camphora Presl., Cinnamomum
	Saccharum officinarum L.		kanchirai Hay., Cryptomeria japonica D. Don,
dimorphum	Euphorbia longana Lamarck		Cunninghamia konishii Hayata, Eucommia ulmoides
dissotocum	Citrus spp., Oryza sativa L.		Oliv., Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex. Klotzsch,
elongatum	Oryza sativa L., Saccharum officinarum L.		Impatiens balsamina L., Leucaena leucocephalia
graminicola(um)	Saccharum officinarum L.		(Lam.) de Wit., Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent,
hydnosporum	Brassica sp.		Phellodendron spp., Pinus lectuensis Mayr., Pinus
inflatum	Saccharum officinarum L.		thunbergii Parl., Pinus taiwansensis Hayata,
irregulare	Cryptomeria japonica D., Daucus carota L., Leucanea		Pawlonia fortunei Hemsl., Pawlownia kawkamii
	leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit., Papver rhoeas, L., Pinus		Itl., Pawlonia taiwaniana He & Chang., Pawlonia
	kasiya Royle & Gord., Pinus patula Schlechtend & Chen		tomentosa Steud.
	Pinus taeda L., Saccharum officinarum L.	sylvaticum	Brassica chinensis L., Brassica oleracea var. acephala
mamillatum	Saccharum officinarum L.		DC., Brassica oleracea L., var. botrytis L., Brassica
myriotylum	Arachis hypogaea L., Asparagus officinalis L.,		rapa L., Cucumis sativum L.
	Brassica campestris L., Citrullus lanatus L., Cucumis	ultimum	Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wright & Arn, Antirrhinus majus
	sativus L., Daucus carota L., Lycopersicon esculentum		L., Brassica chinensis L., Calotropis procera (Ait.)
	L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Pawlonia fortunei Hemsl.,		Ait., Carica papaya L., Cinnamomum tanchiria Hay.,
	Pawlonia kawakamia Itl., Pawlonia taiwaniana He &		Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Leucaena leucocephalia
	Chang, Pawlonia tomentosa Steud., Saccharum officinarumL., Solanum melongena L., Solanum tuberosum L.		(Lam.) de Wit., Liquidambar formosana Hance, Papverrhoeas L., Pinus luchuensis Mayr., Pinus taiwansensis
obigandrum	Cinnamomum kanchiria Hay., Saccharum officinarum L.		Hayata, Pisum sativim L., Saccharum officinarum L.
spinosum	Allium fistulosum L., Allium schaenoprasum L.	vexans	Cinnamomum kanchirai Hay., Pinus luchuensis
	Antirrhinum majus L., Arctium lappa L., Brassica		Mayr., Liquidambar formosana Hance.
	campestris L., Calendula officinalis L., Campanula	unidentified spp	Ananas cosmos L., Beta vulgaris L., Carica papya L.,
	medium L., Chrysanthemum coronoarum L.,		Oryza sativa L., Pachira aquatica Aubl.
	Cinnamomum kanchirai Hay., Coriandrum sativum L,,

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