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Front Biol    2010, Vol. 5 Issue (6) : 495-506    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-010-0750-x
REVIEW
Two-component signal transduction systems and regulation of virulence factors in Xanthomonas: a perspective
Fang-Fang WANG1,2,3, Li WANG1,3, Wei QIAN1,3()
1. State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; 2. Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract

Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSTSs), consisting of a histidine kinase and a response regulator, play a critical role in regulating virulence gene expression in Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas spp.. To date, 12 TCSTS genes have been identified, accounting for approximately 10% of the TCSTS genes in each genome that have been experimentally identified to be related to pathogenesis. These TCSTSs modulate the expression of a number of virulence factors through diverse molecular mechanisms such as interacting with DNA, protein-binding and involvement in second messenger metabolism, which generates a high level of regulatory versatility. Here we summarize the current knowledge in this field and discuss the emerging themes and remaining questions that are important in deciphering the signaling network of TCSTSs in Xanthomonas.
Keywords Xanthomonas      two-component signal transduction system      virulence factor     
Corresponding Author(s): QIAN Wei,Email:qianw@im.ac.cn   
Issue Date: 01 December 2010
 Cite this article:   
Fang-Fang WANG,Li WANG,Wei QIAN. Two-component signal transduction systems and regulation of virulence factors in Xanthomonas: a perspective[J]. Front Biol, 2010, 5(6): 495-506.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-010-0750-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2010/V5/I6/495
Fig.1  The direction of phosphoryl-group transfer is depicted by solid line and the direction of signal transduction is depicted by a dashed line. P in the circular frames represents the phosphoryl group. H, N, G1, F and G2 represent typical conserved motifs in the histidine kinase sensor. D1, D2, and K represent typical conserved motifs in the response regulator. Definition of these motifs is according to a previous study ().
Fig.1  The direction of phosphoryl-group transfer is depicted by solid line and the direction of signal transduction is depicted by a dashed line. P in the circular frames represents the phosphoryl group. H, N, G1, F and G2 represent typical conserved motifs in the histidine kinase sensor. D1, D2, and K represent typical conserved motifs in the response regulator. Definition of these motifs is according to a previous study ().
genomegenome size/mborthodox histidine kinasehybrid histidine kinaseresponse regulatortotal
Xcc 80045.15322054106
Xcc ATCC 339135.08322054106
Xcc B1005.08322054106
Xoo PXO995.24321358104
Xoo KACC103314.9428125292
Xoo MAFF3110134.9428155093
Xcv 85-105.18372361121
Xac 3065.18352158114
Tab.1  Histidine kinases and response regulators encoded by the genomes of
Fig.2  Domain organization of the virulence and avriulence regulatory histidine kinases and response regulators in spp.. The names of the domains are according to those of the pfam database. HK (HisKA, pfam acc. No.: PF07730); HA (HATPase_c, PF02518); REC (Response_reg, PF00072); HPT (PF01672); HD (PF1966); Trans (Trans_reg, PF00486); PAS (PF00989); GGDEF (PF00990); EAL (PF00563) and HAMP (PF00672).
Fig.2  Domain organization of the virulence and avriulence regulatory histidine kinases and response regulators in spp.. The names of the domains are according to those of the pfam database. HK (HisKA, pfam acc. No.: PF07730); HA (HATPase_c, PF02518); REC (Response_reg, PF00072); HPT (PF01672); HD (PF1966); Trans (Trans_reg, PF00486); PAS (PF00989); GGDEF (PF00990); EAL (PF00563) and HAMP (PF00672).
Fig.3  Network of the two-component signal transduction systems in regulating virulence and avirulence factor expressions in spp.. Different colors are applied to different signaling cascades. The RpfC-RpfG system (yellow) positively controls extracellular enzyme and exocellular polysaccharides (EPS) biosynthesis, and negatively regulates diffusible signal factor (DSF) synthesis. The RavS-RavR system (brown) controls EPS biosynthesis by affecting c-di-GMP turnover. VemR (light blue) is probably associated with FleQ. VgrS-VgrR system (pink) regulates EPS biosynthesis and transcription of the genes. HrpG (blue) is the central regulator of type III secretion system (T3SS) and has relationship to the type II secretion system (T2SS). The RaxH-RaxR (light brown) and PhoQ-PhoP (green) systems are involved in expression and modification of the avirulence factor Ax21. OM: outer-membrane; IM: inner-membrane; T1SS: type I secretion system. P in the circular frame indicates the phosphoryl group. Names of the proteins and genes are according to the main text.
Fig.3  Network of the two-component signal transduction systems in regulating virulence and avirulence factor expressions in spp.. Different colors are applied to different signaling cascades. The RpfC-RpfG system (yellow) positively controls extracellular enzyme and exocellular polysaccharides (EPS) biosynthesis, and negatively regulates diffusible signal factor (DSF) synthesis. The RavS-RavR system (brown) controls EPS biosynthesis by affecting c-di-GMP turnover. VemR (light blue) is probably associated with FleQ. VgrS-VgrR system (pink) regulates EPS biosynthesis and transcription of the genes. HrpG (blue) is the central regulator of type III secretion system (T3SS) and has relationship to the type II secretion system (T2SS). The RaxH-RaxR (light brown) and PhoQ-PhoP (green) systems are involved in expression and modification of the avirulence factor Ax21. OM: outer-membrane; IM: inner-membrane; T1SS: type I secretion system. P in the circular frame indicates the phosphoryl group. Names of the proteins and genes are according to the main text.
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