Active-reactive power scheduling of integrated electricity-gas network with multi-microgrids

doi:10.1007/s11708-022-0857-1

Front. Energy

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (2) : 251-265 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-022-0857-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Active-reactive power scheduling of integrated electricity-gas network with multi-microgrids

Tao JIANG, Xinru DONG, Rufeng ZHANG(

), Xue LI, Houhe CHEN, Guoqing LI

Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China

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Abstract

Advances in natural gas-fired technologies have deepened the coupling between electricity and gas networks, promoting the development of the integrated electricity-gas network (IEGN) and strengthening the interaction between the active-reactive power flow in the power distribution network (PDN) and the natural gas flow in the gas distribution network (GDN). This paper proposes a day-ahead active-reactive power scheduling model for the IEGN with multi-microgrids (MMGs) to minimize the total operating cost. Through the tight coupling relationship between the subsystems of the IEGN, the potentialities of the IEGN with MMGs toward multi-energy cooperative interaction is optimized. Important component models are elaborated in the PDN, GDN, and coupled MMGs. Besides, motivated by the non-negligible impact of the reactive power, optimal inverter dispatch (OID) is considered to optimize the active and reactive power capabilities of the inverters of distributed generators. Further, a second-order cone (SOC) relaxation technology is utilized to transform the proposed active-reactive power scheduling model into a convex optimization problem that the commercial solver can directly solve. A test system consisting of an IEEE-33 test system and a 7-node natural gas network is adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling method. The results show that the proposed scheduling method can effectively reduce the power losses of the PDN in the IEGN by 9.86%, increase the flexibility of the joint operation of the subsystems of the IEGN, reduce the total operation costs by $32.20, and effectively enhance the operation economy of the IEGN.

Keywords combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) integrated energy systems (IES) natural gas power distribution system gas distribution system

Corresponding Author(s): Rufeng ZHANG

Online First Date: 25 December 2022 Issue Date: 29 May 2023

Cite this article:

Tao JIANG,Xinru DONG,Rufeng ZHANG, et al. Active-reactive power scheduling of integrated electricity-gas network with multi-microgrids[J]. Front. Energy, 2023, 17(2): 251-265.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-022-0857-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2023/V17/I2/251

Tab.1 Summary of recent related literature

Fig.1 Energy flow in IEGN with MMGs.

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of GT.

Fig.3 Input-output scheme of active-reactive power scheduling of IEGN with MMGs.

Fig.4 SOC relaxation process.

Fig.5 Topology of the IEGN modified with the IEEE-33 node PDN and the 7-node GDN.

Tab.2 Installed capacity of the devices in the IEGN with MMGs

Parameters	Value	Parameters	Value	Parameters	Value
$α m G T$	1.2	COP_AC	1.2	$η m c, H S S$	0.92
$η m G B$	0.9	COP_EC	3	$η m d, H S S$	0.92
$η m W H B$	0.73	$η m c, E S S$	0.95	$η m d, H S S$	0.95

Tab.3 Common parameters in the IEGN with MMGs

Fig.6 Predictive load and output of DPVs.

Fig.7 Time-of-use electricity and natural gas price.

Fig.8 Multi-energy loads and the predictive output of the internal WT in the MMGs.

Tab.4 Active power purchased costs in the IEGN with MMGs

Fig.9 Quantity of the active power transported from the utility grid to the PDN in Cases 1 to 4.

Fig.10 Charging state of the ESS in the IEGN with MMGs in Case 4.

Tab.5 Comparison of the gas consumption costs of the IEGN with MMGs in Cases 1 to 4

Fig.11 Quantity of the purchased natural gas in the GDN of the IEGN with MMGs.

Fig.12 Heat storage and heat release results of the HSS in microgrid 3.

Tab.6 Reactive power cost, power loss, and the total operating cost of the IEGN with MMGs in Cases 1 to 4

Fig.13 Quantity of the reactive power transported from the utility grid in the PDN of the IEGN with MMGs in Cases 1 and 4.

Fig.14 Quantity of the power loss of the PDN in the IEGN with MMGs in Cases 1 and 4.

Fig.15 Relaxation errors in Case 4.

Fig.16 Quantity comparison of the power loss of the PDN in the scenarios with and without P2G.

Acronyms
A-R-OPF	Active-reactive optimal power flow
AC	Absorption chillers
ACOPF	Alternating current optimal power flow
CCHP	Combined cooling, heating, and power
DG	Distributed generators
DPV	Distributed photovoltaic
EC	Electric chillers
GB	Gas boilers
GDN	Gas distribution network
GT	Gas turbines
HSS	Heat storage systems
IEGN	Integrated electricity-gas network
MMG	Multi-microgrids
OID	Optimal inverter dispatch
PCS	Power conditioning systems
PDN	Power distribution network
P2G	Power to gas
SOC	Second-order cone
WHB	Waste heat boilers
Indices
i/j	Index of nodes in the PDN
ij	Index of branches in the PDN
I/J	Set of the beginning/ending nodes of the branches in the PDN
m	Index of the microgrids
M	Set of the nodes of the PDN where the microgrids are located
t	Index of time slots
uv	Index of branches in the GDN
u/v	Index of nodes in the GDN
U/V	Set of the beginning/ending nodes of the pipelines in the GDN
Parameters
$B i, t c / B i, t d$	Charging/discharging power of the power storage system of node i of the PDN at the tth hour
C_uv	Weymouth equation coefficient
$C t P / C t Q$	Active/reactive power price of the utility grid at the tth hour
$C i, t D P V$	Operation cost of the distributed photovoltaic of node i in the distribution network, which is assumed to be a constant
COP_AC	Coefficient of performance of the absorption chiller in the mth microgrid
COP_EC	Performance coefficient of the electrical chiller in the mth microgrid
$c m m H S S$	Coefficient of the cost function of the heat storage system in the mth microgrid
$c m m E C / c m m A C$	Coefficient of the cost function of the electrical chiller/absorption chiller in the mth microgrid
$c m m W H B$	Coefficient of the cost function of the waste heat boiler in the mth microgrid
$C m, t g a s$	Purchased gas cost of the mth microgrids at the tth hour
$C i, t D P V$	Operation cost of the distributed photovoltaic of node i in the distribution network
$C i, t E S S$	Operation cost of the ESS of node i in the distribution network
$E i, t E S S$	Amount of electricity stored in the energy storage system of node i of the PDN at the tth hour
$H m, t G B$	Heating power production of the gas boiler of the mth microgrid at the tth hour
$H m, t A C$	Heating power absorption of the absorption chiller of the mth microgrid at the tth hour
$H m, t c / H m, t d$	Charging/discharging power of the heat storage system in the mth microgrid at the tth hour
$H m, t D / C m, t D$	Heating and cooling power loads of the mth microgrid at the tth hour
$H m, min A C / H m, max A C$	Minimum/maximum heating power consumption of the absorption chiller in the mth microgrid
$H m, min W H B / H m, max W H B$	Minimum/maximum heating power absorption of the waste heat boiler in the mth microgrid
$H m, min G B / H m, max G B$	Minimum/maximum heating power generation of the gas boiler in the mth microgrid
$H m, min c / H m, max c$	Minimum/maximum heating power charging of the heat power storage in the mth microgrid
$H m, min d / H m, max d$	Minimum/maximum heating power discharging of the heat power storage in the mth microgrid
I_ij,t	Current flowing in branch ij in the distribution network at the tth hour
$k f i D P V$	Minimum power factor of the distributed photovoltaic inverter of node i in the PDN
K_G/K_m	Utility grid/microgrids located nodes correlation matrix
K_ESS/K_DPV	ESS/distributed photovoltaic located nodes correlation matrix
l_ij,t	Square of the current flowing in branch ij in the distribution network at the tth hour
L_NG	Heating value of natural gas
$m i E S S$	Coefficient of the cost function of the node i of the electricity storage system (ESS) in the PDN
$M m, t o p$	Operation cost of the mth the microgrids at the tth hour
$M m, t H S S$	Operation cost of the heat storage system in the mth microgrid at the tth hour
$M m, t W H B$	Operation cost of waste heat boiler in the mth microgrid at the tth hour
$M m, t W T$	Operation cost of the wind turbine of the mth microgrid at the tth hour, which is assumed to be a constant
$M m, t A C / M m, t E C$	Operation cost of the absorption chiller/electrical chiller of the mth microgrid at the tth hour
P_ij,t	Active power flow in branch ij in the distribution network at the tth hour
$P m, t E C$	Active power consumption of the electrical chiller of the mth microgrid at the tth hour
$P i, t D P V, m a x$	Maximum forecasted active power production of the distributed photovoltaic of node i in the PDN at the tth hour
$P m, t D / Q m, t D$	Active and reactive power loads of the mth microgrid at the tth hour
$P t G / Q t G$	Active/reactive power transported from the utility grid at the tth hour
$P i, t D / Q i, t D$	Active and reactive power of node i of the PDN at the tth hour
$P m, max P C C / Q m, max P C C$	Maximum amount of active/reactive power traded at the point of common coupling between the mth microgrid and the PDN
$P m, min G T / P m, max G T$	Minimum/maximum active power production of the gas turbine in the mth microgrid
$P m, min E C / P m, max E C$	Minimum/maximum active power consumption of the electrical chiller in the mth microgrid
$P t, min G / P t, max G$	Minimum/maximum active power transported from the utility grid at the tth hour
$P m, max P C C / Q m, max P C C$	Maximum amount of active/reactive power traded at the point of common coupling between the mth microgrid and the PDN
P_m,t/Q_m,t	Transported quantity of the mth microgrid of active/reactive power at the tth hour
$P m, t G T / H m, t G T$	Active/heating power production of the gas turbine at the tth hour
$P i, t D P V / Q i, t D P V$	Active/reactive power production of the distributed photovoltaic of node i of the PDN at the tth hour
Q_ij,t	Reactive power flowing in branch ij in the distribution network at the tth hour
$Q t, min G / Q t, max G$	Minimum/maximum reactive power transported from the utility grid at the tth hour
r_ij,t/x_ij,t	Resistance/reactance of branch ij in the distribution network
$S i D P V$	Capacity of the distributed photovoltaic inverter of node i of the PDN
$S m, t H S S$	Amount of heat stored in the electrical chiller at the tth hour
$S O C i, min E S S / S O C i, max E S S$	Minimum/maximum state of charge of the ESS in the node i in the PDN
V_min,i,t/V_max,i,t	Voltage limitations of node i in the distribution network
V_i,t	Nodal voltage in node i in the distribution network at the tth hour
U_i,t	Square of nodal voltage in node i in the distribution network at the tth hour
U_b,t	Voltage drop in branch b in the distribution network at the tth hour
$w m i n w e l l / w m a x w e l l$	Limitations of the gas supplied quantity from the gas well at the tth hour
w_uv,t	Gas flow from node u to node v in the GDN at the tth hour
$w t w e l l$	Gas production by node u in the gas well at the tth hour
$w u, t G T / w u, t G B$	Gas consumption by GT/GB at node u in the gas distribution system at the tth hour
ψ_min/ψ_max	Limitations of the gas nodal pressure in the GDN at the tth hour
ρ_c	Compression factor of the compressor
ψ_u,t	Gas nodal pressure in node u in the gas distribution network at the tth hour
ψ_ct,t/ψ_cf,t	Gas nodal pressure of the inlet and outlet of the compressor in the GDN at the tth hour
$η m G T$	Efficiency of the gas turbine in the mth microgrid
$η m G B$	Efficiency of the gas boiler in the mth microgrid
$η m W H B$	Efficiency of the waste heat boiler in the mth microgrid
$η i c, E S S / η i d, E S S$	Charging/discharging efficiency of the ESS of node i in the PDN
$η m c, H S S / η m d, H S S$	Charging/discharging efficiency of the heat storage system in the mth microgrid

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