Risk factors of prognosis after acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients

doi:10.1007/s11684-017-0532-9

Front. Med.

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (3) : 393-402 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-017-0532-9

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Risk factors of prognosis after acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients

Sasa Nie¹, Zhe Feng¹, Lihua Xia¹, Jiuxu Bai¹, Fenglin Xiao¹, Jian Liu¹, Li Tang¹(

), Xiangmei Chen¹(

)

¹. Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China

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Abstract

The risk factors, especially laboratory indicators, of prognosis after acute kidney injury (AKI) remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective survey of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012 according to the AKI diagnosis standard issued by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. The epidemiological features and factors influencing hospital mortality and renal function recovery were evaluated through logistic regression analysis. Among 77 662 cases of hospitalized patients, 1387 suffered from AKI. The incidence rate and mortality of AKI were 1.79% and 14.56%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high AKI stage, age greater than 80 years, neoplastic disease, low cardiac output, increased white blood cell count, and decreased platelet count and serum albumin levels were the risk factors affecting the mortality of AKI patients. Conversely, body mass index between 28 and 34.9 was a protective factor. Increased AKI stage, tumor disease, post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and RRT were the risk factors of renal function recovery upon discharge. In addition to traditional risk factors, white blood cell count, platelet count, albumin, and BMI were the predictors of the mortality of AKI patients. No laboratory indicators were found to be the risk factors of renal function recovery in AKI patients.

Keywords acute kidney injury risk factors prognosis

Corresponding Author(s): Li Tang,Xiangmei Chen

Just Accepted Date: 07 April 2017 Online First Date: 10 May 2017 Issue Date: 29 August 2017

Cite this article:

Sasa Nie,Zhe Feng,Lihua Xia, et al. Risk factors of prognosis after acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Front. Med., 2017, 11(3): 393-402.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-017-0532-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/Y2017/V11/I3/393

Tab.1 Staging of AKI

Fig.1 Study profile AKI: acute kidney injury.

	Survival condition at discharge	Total (n = 1387)	P value
	Survival (n = 1185)	Total (n = 1387)	P value	Death (n = 202)
Age (year)	61 (48,73)	74 (59,82)	63 (49,74)	<0.001^a
Age group				<0.001^a
12?19 years	32 (2.7%)	2 (1.0%)	34 (2.5%)
20?39 years	142 (12.0%)	13 (6.4%)	155 (11.2%)
40?59 years	387 (32.7%)	40 (19.8%)	427 (30.8%)
60?79 years	505 (42.6%)	74 (36.6%)	579 (41.7%)
≥80 years	119 (10.0%)	73 (36.1%)	192 (13.8%)
Men	814 (68.7%)	148 (73.3%)	962 (69.4%)	0.192
AKI stage				<0.001^a
1	618 (52.2%)	51 (25.3%)	669 (48.2%)
2	283 (23.9%)	48 (23.8%)	331 (23.9%)
3	284 (24.0%)	103 (51.0%)	387 (27.9%)
BMI	24.3±4.2	22.3±4.0	24.0±4.2	<0.001^a
<18.5	80 (6.8%)	33 (16.9%)	113 (8.2%)
18.5?23.9	493 (41.9%)	97 (49.7%)	590 (43.0%)
24?27.9	407 (34.6%)	53 (27.2%)	460 (33.6%)
28?34.9	183 (15.6%)	11 (5.6%)	194 (14.2%)
≥35	13 (1.1%)	1 (0.5%)	14 (1.0%)
AKI classification				0.151
Pre-renal	641 (54.1%)	122 (60.4%)	763 (55.0%)
Intrinsic-renal	498 (42.0%)	76 (37.6%)	574 (41.4%)
Post-renal	46 (3.9%)	4 (2.0%)	50 (3.6%)
Underlying disease
Hypertension	550 (46.4%)	111 (55.0%)	661 (47.7%)	0.025^a
Malignancy	326 (27.5%)	82 (40.6%)	408 (29.4%)	<0.001^a
CHD	317 (26.8%)	80 (39.6%)	397 (28.6%)	<0.001^a
Diabetes	276 (23.3%)	52 (25.7%)	328 (23.7%)	0.449
CKD	222 (18.7%)	38 (18.8%)	260 (18.8%)	0.979
Cirrhosis	55 (4.6%)	8 (4.0%)	63 (4.5%)	0.667
MODS	41 (3.5%)	15 (7.4%)	56 (4.0%)	0.008^a
COPD	32 (2.7%)	14 (6.9%)	46 (3.3%)	0.002^a
Sepsis	22 (1.9%)	8 (4.0%)	30 (2.2%)	0.101
Number^b	1 (0,1)	2 (1,2)	2 (1,2)	<0.001^a
Injury factors
Infection	690 (58.2%)	155 (76.7%)	845 (60.9%)	<0.001^a
Antibiotics	683 (57.6%)	124 (61.4%)	807 (58.2%)	0.318
Diuretics	539 (45.5%)	120 (59.4%)	659 (47.5%)	<0.001^a
Colloid infusion	439 (37.1%)	86 (42.6%)	525 (37.9%)	0.134
NSAID	305 (23.9%)	51 (25.1%)	356 (24.1%)	0.089
Low cardiac output	151 (12.7%)	53 (26.2%)	204 (14.7%)	<0.001^a
Post-CPR	26 (2.2%)	8 (4.0%)	34 (2.5%)	0.210
Number^b	3 (1,5)	4 (2,5)	3 (1,5)	0.139
APACHE II	10.6±6.0	19.5±8.9	11.9±7.2	<0.001^a
SOFA	4 (2,7)	9 (5,14)	4 (2,8)	<0.001^a
Laboratory examination^a
Hb (g/L)	108.9±26.0	100.7±30.0	107.7±26.7	<0.001^a
WBC (× 10⁹/L)	10.0 (6.9,14.0)	11.8 (7.6,18.4)	10.3 (7.1,14.4)	<0.001^a
PLT (× 10⁹/L)	168.5 (107.0,230.0)	126.0 (66.0,203.0)	163.0 (100.0,228.0)	<0.001^a
ALB (g/L)	32.5±6.8	30.0±6.4	32.1±6.8	<0.001^a
TBil (mmol/L)	11.2 (6.8,20.9)	16.6 (8.5,43.0)	11.8 (7.0,22.1)	<0.001^a
Baseline SCr (mmol/L)	85.2 (68.6,115.7)	79.0 (58.7,102.2)	84.1 (67.2,114.7)	<0.001^a
SCr on diagnosis (mmol/L)	157.9 (125.8,229.5)	157.9 (119.6,224.2)	157.9 (125.4,227.7)	0.184
Peak SCr (mmol/L)	166.2 (131.2,244.9)	196.7 (145.8,279.3)	170.0 (132.7,254.6)	0.004^a
SUA ( mmol/L)	418.9 (315.9,540.8)	434.4 (325.0,596.1)	422.3 (317.3,548.5)	0.063
LDH^c(U/L)	235.7 (177.6,380.3)	485.0 (261.5,1033.0)	248.5 (181.6,443.2)	<0.001^a
RRT	121 (10.2%)	40 (19.8%)	161 (11.6%)	<0.001^a
Hospital stay (day)	18.0 (10.5,29.0)	18.5 (9.0,35.5)	18.0 (10.0,30.0)	0.597
Hospital cost^cd(CNY)	77 889 (36 756, 131 609)	95 394 (48 949, 181 141)	79 475 (37 784, 135 837)	<0.001^a

Tab.2 Characteristics of patients with AKI according to survival condition

Tab.3 Etiology distribution of AKI

Fig.2 Kaplan?Meier plot of cumulative rates of in-hospital survival by AKI stage.

Tab.4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for the factors associated with all-cause in-hospital mortality of AKI

Tab.5 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for the factors associated with renal function recovery at discharge in AKI

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