Evaluation of regenerative braking based on single-pedal control for electric vehicles

doi:10.1007/s11465-019-0546-x

Front. Mech. Eng.

2020, Vol. 15

Issue (1) : 166-179 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0546-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Evaluation of regenerative braking based on single-pedal control for electric vehicles

Wei LIU¹, Hongzhong QI², Xintian LIU¹(

), Yansong WANG¹

¹. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
². Automotive Engineering Institute, Guangzhou Automobile Group Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 511434, China

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Abstract

More than 25% of vehicle kinetic energy can be recycled under urban driving cycles. A single-pedal control strategy for regenerative braking is proposed to further enhance energy efficiency. Acceleration and deceleration are controlled by a single pedal, which alleviates driving intensity and prompts energy recovery. Regenerative braking is theoretically analyzed based on the construction of the single-pedal system, vehicle braking dynamics, and energy conservation law. The single-pedal control strategy is developed by considering daily driving conditions, and a single-pedal simulation model is established. Typical driving cycles are simulated to verify the effectiveness of the single-pedal control strategy. A dynamometer test is conducted to confirm the validity of the simulation model. Results show that using the single-pedal control strategy for electric vehicles can effectively improve the energy recovery rate and extend the driving range under the premise of ensuring safety while braking. The study lays a technical foundation for the optimization of regenerative braking systems and development of single-pedal control systems, which are conducive to the promotion and popularization of electric vehicles.

Keywords electric vehicle single-pedal control regenerative braking co-simulation dynamometer test

Corresponding Author(s): Xintian LIU

Just Accepted Date: 24 June 2019 Online First Date: 26 July 2019 Issue Date: 21 February 2020

Cite this article:

Wei LIU,Hongzhong QI,Xintian LIU, et al. Evaluation of regenerative braking based on single-pedal control for electric vehicles[J]. Front. Mech. Eng., 2020, 15(1): 166-179.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fme/EN/10.1007/s11465-019-0546-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fme/EN/Y2020/V15/I1/166

Fig.1 Braking strength distribution of typical urban driving cycles.

Fig.2 Braking energy recovery system. (a) Conventional energy recovery; (b) single-pedal energy recovery. AP: Accelerator pedal; BP: Brake pedal.

Fig.3 Construction of the single-pedal control system. DC: Direct current; BP: Brake pedal; EVP: Electric vacuum pump; ABS: Anti-brake system; OBC: On-board charger; BMS: Battery management system; PMSM: Permanent magnet synchronous motor; HV: High voltage; LV: Low voltage.

Fig.4 Control strategies of different driving modes. (a) Conventional control; (b) single-pedal control.

Tab.1 Single-pedal travel allocation varying with different vehicle velocity (in km/h)

Fig.5 Vehicle deceleration at different pedal travel.

Fig.6 Deceleration generated by regenerative braking.

Fig.7 Single-pedal control strategy model.

Fig.8 Flowchart of single-pedal control. MIN: Minimum.

Tab.2 Basic parameters of the vehicle

Tab.3 Performance parameters of the powertrain

Fig.9 Vehicle simulation model.

Fig.10 Simulation results of conventional braking (30 km/h). (a) Vehicle simulation result; (b) motor simulation result.

Fig.11 Simulation results of conventional braking (60 km/h). (a) Vehicle simulation result; (b) motor simulation result.

Tab.4 Regenerative braking simulation under conventional braking conditions

Fig.12 Simulation results under NEDC. (a) Vehicle simulation result; (b) motor simulation result.

Fig.13 Simulation results under WLTC. (a) Vehicle simulation result; (b) motor simulation result.

Fig.14 Battery simulation results using various control strategies. Changes in battery SoC under (a) NEDC and (b) WLTC.

Tab.5 Comparison of energy recovery using different control strategies under NEDC

Tab.6 Comparison of energy recovery using different control strategies under WLTC

Fig.15 Dynamometer test.

Fig.16 Test data acquisition.

Fig.17 Results of the dynamometer test.

Tab.7 Comparison of simulation and test data on energy recovery

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