Donor design and modification strategies of metal-free sensitizers for highly-efficient n-type dye-sensitized solar cells

doi:10.1007/s12200-016-0563-x

Front. Optoelectron.

2016, Vol. 9

Issue (1) : 3-37 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0563-x

REVIEW ARTICLE

Donor design and modification strategies of metal-free sensitizers for highly-efficient n-type dye-sensitized solar cells

Xiaoyu ZHANG^1,²,Michael Grätzel²,Jianli HUA^1,^*(

)

1. Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
2. Laboratoire de Photoniques et Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Abstract

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) cannot be developed without the research on sensitizers. As the key of light harvesting and electron generation, thousands of sensitizers have been designed for the application in DSSC devices. Among them, organic sensitizers have drawn a lot of attention because of the flexible molecular design, easy synthesis and good photovoltaic performance. Recently, new record photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of 11.5% for DSSCs with iodide electrolyte and 14.3% for DSSCs with cobalt electrolyte and co-sensitization have been achieved with organic sensitizers. Here we focus on the donor design and modification of organic sensitizers. Several useful strategies and corresponding typical examples are presented.

Keywords donors organic sensitizers dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)

Corresponding Author(s): Jianli HUA

Just Accepted Date: 31 December 2015 Online First Date: 28 January 2016 Issue Date: 18 March 2016

Cite this article:

Xiaoyu ZHANG,Michael Gr?tzel,Jianli HUA. Donor design and modification strategies of metal-free sensitizers for highly-efficient n-type dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2016, 9(1): 3-37.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-016-0563-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2016/V9/I1/3

Fig.1 A simple model for device and working principles of a typical DSSC

Fig.2 Energy level diagram and electron transfer processes in a typical DSSC device (vs. the normal hydrogen electrode, NHE). The insert shows several redox potential examples of redox couples: I^-/I₃^-, iodide/triiodide, Ref. [6]; [Co(dmb)₃]^{3+ /2+}, cobalt(II/III) tris(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) complexes, [Co(dtb)₃]^{3+ /2+}, cobalt(II/III) tris(4,4′-ditert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine) complexes, [Co(bpy)₃]³^{+ /2+}, cobalt (II/III) tris(2,2′-bipyridine) complexes, [Co(phen)₃]^{3+ /2+}, cobalt(II/III) tris(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes, Ref. [7]; [Co(Cl-phen)₃]^{3+ /2+}, cobalt(II/III) tris(5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline) complexes, [Co(NO₂-phen)₃]^{3+ /2+}, cobalt(II/III) tris(5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline) complexes, Ref. [8]; [Co(bpy-pz)₂]³⁺^/2+, cobalt(II/III) bis[6-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine] complexes, Ref. [9

Fig.3 A model for D-p-A structure and common groups for donor, p-bridge and acceptor part

Fig.4 Scheme 1 Molecular structures of dyes 1-15

Fig.5 Scheme 2 Molecular structures of dyes 16-28

Fig.6 Scheme 3 Molecular structures of dyes 29-38

Fig.7 Scheme 4 Molecular structures of dyes 39-48

Fig.8 Scheme 5 Molecular structures of dyes 49-54

Fig.9 Scheme 6 Molecular structures of dyes 55-64

Fig.10 Scheme 7 Molecular structures of dyes 65-70

Fig.11 Scheme 8 Molecular structures of dyes 71-77

Fig.12 Examples of electron-withdrawing groups used in organic sensitizers for DSSCs

Fig.13 Scheme 9 Molecular structures of dyes 78-89

Fig.14 Scheme 10 Molecular structures of dyes 90-95

Fig.15 Scheme 11 Molecular structures of dyes 96-103

Fig.16 Scheme 12 Molecular structures of dyes 104-112

Fig.17 Scheme 13 Molecular structures of dyes 113-116

Fig.18 Scheme 14 Molecular structures of dyes 117-123

Fig.19 Scheme 15 Molecular structures of dyes 124-130

Fig.20 Scheme 16 Molecular structures of dyes 131-139

dye	l_max^a)/nm	?^a)/(M^-¹·cm^-¹)	l_max^b)/nm	J_sc/(mA·cm^-²)	V_oc/V	FF	PCE/%	Ref.
1	464	32700		12.33	0.642	0.64	5.08	[30]
2	450	26900		11.46	0.643	0.66	4.93	[30]
3	497	37600		18.63	0.634	0.63	7.41	[30]
4	521	34000		13.7	0.606	0.69	5.7	[31]
5	491	36000		15.2	0.605	0.68	6.3	[31]
6	422	37700		16.81	0.74	0.57	7.08	[32]
7	427	29000		15.36	0.69	0.50	5.25	[32]
8	461	31300		14.28	0.71	0.60	6.12	[32]
9	461	27100		16.26	0.66	0.58	6.17	[32]
10	480	22200		11.88	0.58	0.54	3.74	[32]
11	468	22500		10.89	0.58	0.60	3.75	[32]
12	438	29420		13.0	0.66	0.71	6.00	[33]
13	455	20369		15.2	0.72	0.72	7.87	[33]
14	511	27900	459	8.92	0.630	0.79	4.44	[34]
15	558	42800	492	15.37	0.651	0.75	7.51	[34]
16	480	25000	505	13.8	0.632	0.69	6.02	[35]
17	422	29367	416	9.2	0.625	0.79	4.54	[36]
18	424	13834	424	7.3	0.603	0.74	3.26	[36]
19	442	13700	429	9.72	0.787	0.71	5.45	[37]
	415	20300	490	8.83	0.736	0.66	4.32	[43]
	474	28000	422	9.7	0.690	0.68	4.55	[60]
20	458	19800	440	11.33	0.792	0.71	6.38	[37]
21	479	21800	465	11.15	0.778	0.69	5.99	[37]
22	410	19400		8.88	0.764	0.560	3.80	[38]
23	425	27100		11.61	0.766	0.586	5.21	[38]
24	440	28400		11.71	0.709	0.592	4.92	[38]
25	460	24000	476	9.43	0.584	0.69	3.78	[39]
26	450	31000	475	10.84	0.592	0.69	4.41	[39]
27	449	23000	480	7.39	0.505	0.66	2.48	[39]
28	491	22300	471	11.63	0.639	0.68	5.08	[40]
29	523	27900	491	18.53	0.649	0.71	8.49	[40]
30	504	27200	490	15.29	0.627	0.72	6.84	[40]
31	523	58200		16.58	0.756	0.741	9.29	[41]
32	522	57100		16.28	0.779	0.748	9.49	[41]
33	492	33000	444	16.1	0.770	0.66	8.18	[42]
34	495	24000	423	14.8	0.723	0.66	7.06	[42]
35	465	21000	427	15.0	0.743	0.66	7.36	[42]
36	500	45000	448	15.8	0.775	0.66	8.08	[42]
37	447	27000	509	8.90	0.710	0.70	4.41	[43]
38	411	24300	483	8.45	0.753	0.70	4.44	[43]
39	436	30000		12.20	0.764	0.77	7.20	[44]
40	456	16000		15.33	0.74	0.66	7.43	[45]
41	463	25300		14.39	0.70	0.66	6.65	[46]
42	480	55000		13.84	0.790	0.75	8.2	[47]
43	480	73800		15.7	0.690	0.74	8.0	[48]
44	490	85000		17.61	0.710	0.72	9.1	[48]
45	550	31000	513	14.01	0.704	0.65	6.4	[49]
46	538	31000	487	13.37	0.714	0.66	6.3	[49]
47	542	38000	485	13.25	0.696	0.66	6.1	[49]
48	517	28000	468	14.90	0.738	0.69	7.5	[49]
49	472	26400	478	10.75	0.655	0.700	4.90	[50]
50	512	30100	484	16.50	0.734	0.684	8.28	[50]
51	498			7.66	0.946	0.658	4.76	[52]
52	482			10.1	0.893	0.681	6.15	[52]
53	490			16.5	0.833	0.737	10.1	[52]
54	513			11.8	0.832	0.703	6.91	[52]
55	444	20289		16.3	0.73	0.70	8.28	[33]
56	463	12614		16.8	0.75	0.70	8.71	[33]
57	482	70200	456	12.00	0.67	0.60	4.83	[54]
58	459	37200	446	12.50	0.71	0.59	5.24	[54]
59	445	70100	444	12.96	0.75	0.61	6.00	[54]
60	610	66111	632	11.76	0.464	0.674	3.7	[55]
61	615	88867	650	13.35	0.519	0.73	5.1	[56]
62	406	27500	422	7.75	0.689	0.73	3.90	[57]
63	420	24900	425	7.89	0.731	0.74	4.27	[57]
64	430	41300	426	6.86	0.752	0.70	3.61	[57]
65	485	21600	441	10.359	0.715	0.722	5.35	[58]
66	468	34300	454	6.866	0.687	0.678	3.20	[58]
67	426	29000		12.21	0.65	0.59	4.68	[59]
68	413	21200		9.42	0.69	0.60	4.01	[59]
69	486	65000	443	9.8	0.750	0.67	4.92	[61]
70	498	52000	466	10.2	0.754	0.68	5.23	[60]
71	471	16000		11.82	0.759	0.65	5.84	[62]
72	474	20000		12.62	0.789	0.63	6.29	[62]
73	474	20000		11.41	0.804	0.63	5.76	[62]
74	412	16000		4.55	0.682	0.69	2.14	[63]
75	412	21000		5.27	0.711	0.72	2.69	[63]
76	462	13000		10.76	0.793	0.64	5.51	[63]
77	466	14000		12.18	0.826	0.65	6.55	[63]
78	518	22900		13.77	0.615	0.705	5.97	[73]
79	545	23600		16.91	0.672	0.717	8.15	[73]
80	536	37300	514	16.23	0.692	0.716	8.04	[74]
81	546	41000	529	12.32	0.699	0.727	6.27	[74]
82	551	43000	533	19.69	0.700	0.731	10.08	[74]
83	495	17200	428	13.39	0.68	0.74	6.74	[75]
84	496	19200	438	13.18	0.78	0.78	8.02	[75]
85	521	18700	508	13.60	0.685	0.67	6.24	[80]
86	523	21900	522	15.65	0.776	0.70	8.50	[80]
87	500	16700	479	7.10	0.570	0.76	3.11	[85]
88	497	16800	482	12.11	0.671	0.76	6.14	[85]
89	524	23300	516	13.56	0.691	0.76	7.12	[85]
90	514	41000		11.05	0.69	0.68	5.18	[95]
91	526	46000		13.40	0.76	0.73	7.43	[95]
92	593	33700	558	13.3	0.631	0.76	6.4	[89]
93	538	24100		17.1	0.642	0.675	7.4	[102]
94	549	55800		18.8	0.717	0.673	9.1	[102]
95	540	40300		12.7	0.730	0.712	6.6	[102]
96	556	33899		9.35	0.545	0.685	3.49	[103]
97	580	28840		12.32	0.595	0.708	5.19	[103]
98	584	23700		10.78	0.645	0.715	4.97	[103]
99	551	36399		12.10	0.610	0.728	5.37	[103]
100	492	36000	429	15.4	0.71	0.67	7.3	[104]
101	501	29900	437	15.5	0.70	0.62	6.7	[104]
102	427	50623	483	10.18	0.733	0.769	5.74	[105]
103	434	60782	470	7.89	0.767	0.765	4.63	[105]
104	423	39950		9.9	0.770	0.650	4.94	[106]
105	428	29680		9.3	0.739	0.689	4.73	[106]
106	426	33530		9.9	0.780	0.690	5.33	[106]
107	443	40690		14.8	0.749	0.659	7.29	[106]
108	582	28000		15.4	0.730	0.75	8.4	[107]
109	598	33000		11.5	0.807	0.72	6.7	[107]
110	598	24000		13.3	0.716	0.70	6.7	[107]
111	531	12000		11.0	0.672	0.70	5.2	[107]
112	540	1600		3.7	0.553	0.78	1.7	[107]
113	484	27600	471	18.26	0.76	0.74	10.20	[108]
114	490	23000	484	16.76	0.76	0.76	9.67	[108]
115	498	19900	495	17.81	0.76	0.75	10.11	[108]
116	533	25900	553	18.82	0.71	0.72	9.69	[108]

Tab.1 Optical properties of mentioned dyes and their device performance with iodide/triiodide electrolyte

Tab.2 Optical properties of mentioned dyes and their device performance with cobalt electrolyte

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