Pore structure of cementitious material enhanced by graphitic nanomaterial: a critical review

doi:10.1007/s11709-017-0431-9

Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (1) : 137-147 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-017-0431-9

REVIEW

Pore structure of cementitious material enhanced by graphitic nanomaterial: a critical review

S.A. GHAHARI¹(

), E. GHAFARI¹, L. ASSI²

¹. Department of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, USA
². Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, USA

Download: PDF(181 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Carbon nano tubes (CNT) has been introduced as an efficient nanomaterial in order to improve the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. The effect of CNT on the microstructures of cementitious materials has been widely reported. This paper combines a critical review on the effect of CNT on the pore and microstructure of cement composite with a discussion on the porosity measurement of pastes containing CNT using mercury intrusion porosimetry techniques (MIP). It was found that, surface treatment by H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ solution forms carboxyl acid groups on CNTs’ surfaces that lead to the improvement of reinforcement. In this scope, this review paper involves analyzing the effect of CNT on the microstructure and the pore structure of cementitious materials. The existing methods of measuring the porosity of cementitious material are reviewed, in particular, the contact angle measurement is discussed in detail in which the most effective parameters and possible errors of calculation is presented.

Keywords carbon nano tubes microstructure porosity mercury intrusion porosimetry cement composite

Corresponding Author(s): S.A. GHAHARI

Online First Date: 29 August 2017 Issue Date: 08 March 2018

Cite this article:

S.A. GHAHARI,E. GHAFARI,L. ASSI. Pore structure of cementitious material enhanced by graphitic nanomaterial: a critical review[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2018, 12(1): 137-147.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-017-0431-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2018/V12/I1/137

1	Olivier J, Janssens-Maenhout G, Muntean M, Peters J. Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2015 Report. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2015, report number: JRC 98184
2	Marceau M, Nisbet M A, Van Geem M G. Life cycle inventory of portland cement manufacture. Portland Cement Association Skokie, 2006, PCA R&D Serial No. 2095b
3	Ramezanianpour A A, Ghahari S A, Esmaeili M. Effect of combined carbonation and chloride ion ingress by an accelerated test method on microscopic and mechanical properties of concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2014, 58: 138–146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.102
4	Heikal M, Abd El Aleem S, Morsi W M. Durability of composite cements containing granulated blast-furnace slag and silica nano-particles. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 2016, 23(1): 88–100
5	Abd El. Aziz M, Abd El. Aleem S, Heikal M, El. Didamony H. Hydration and durability of sulphate-resisting and slag cement blends in Caron’s Lake water. Cement and Concrete Research, 2005, 35(8): 1592–1600 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.038
6	Ghahari S A, Ramezanianpour A M, Ramezanianpour A A, Esmaeili M. An accelerated test method of simultaneous carbonation and chloride ion ingress: durability of silica fume concrete in severe environments. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, 2016: 1650979 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1650979
7	Assi L, Ghahari S A, Deaver E E, Leaphart D, Ziehl P. Improvement of the early and final compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete at ambient conditions. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 123: 806–813 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.069
8	Ahlborn T. Sustainability for the concrete bridge engineering community. ASPIRE, 2008, 15–19
9	Ramezanianpour A A, Ghahari S A, Khazaie A. Feasibility Study on Production and Sustainability of Poly Propylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete Ties Based on a Value Engineering Survey. In: The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies (SCMT3). 2013. Coventry University, University of Wisconsin
10	Ramezanianpour A M, Esmaeili K, Ghahari S A, Ramezanianpour A A. Influence of initial steam curing and different types of mineral additives on mechanical and durability properties of self-compacting concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2014, 73: 187–194 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.072
11	Mackechnie J R, Alexander M G. Using durability to enhance concrete sustainability. Journal of Green building, 2009, 4(3): 52–60
12	Abd El-aleem Mohamed S, Abd El-rahman Ragab Khalil. Physico-mechanical properties and microstructure of blended cement incorporating nano-silica. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2014, 3(7): 339–358
13	Abd El. Aleem S, Heikal M, Morsi W M. Hydration characteristic, thermal expansion and microstructure of cement containing nano-silica. Construction & Building Materials, 2014, 59(0): 151–160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.039
14	Heikal M, Abd El-Aleem S, Morsi W M. Characteristics of blended cements containing nano-silica. HBRC Journal, 2013, 9(3): 243–255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.09.001
15	Ghafari E, Costa H, Júlio E, Portugal A, Durães L. The effect of nanosilica addition on flowability, strength and transport properties of ultra high performance concrete. Materials & Design, 2014, 59: 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.051
16	Ghafari E, Costa H, Júlio E. Critical review on eco-efficient ultra high performance concrete enhanced with nano-materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 101(Part 1): 201–208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.066
17	Lu L, Ouyang D, Xu W. Mechanical properties and durability of ultra high strength concrete incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Materials (Basel), 2016, 9(6): 419 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9060419
18	Tamimi A, Hassan N M, Fattah K, Talachi A. Performance of cementitious materials produced by incorporating surface treated multiwall carbon nanotubes and silica fume. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 114: 934–945 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.216
19	Eftekhari M, Mohammadi S. Multiscale dynamic fracture behavior of the carbon nanotube reinforced concrete under impact loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016, 87: 55–64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.06.023
20	Nochaiya T, Chaipanich A. Behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the porosity and microstructure of cement-based materials. Applied Surface Science, 2011, 257(6): 1941–1945 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.09.030
21	Konsta-Gdoutos M S, Metaxa Z S, Shah S P. Multi-scale mechanical and fracture characteristics and early-age strain capacity of high performance carbon nanotube/cement nanocomposites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2010, 32(2): 110–115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.007
22	Metaxa Z S, Konsta-Gdoutos M S, Shah S P. Carbon nanotubes reinforced concrete. In: Konstantin S, Taha M E, eds. Nanotechnology of Concerete: the Next Big Thing is Small. ACI Special Publication, 2009, 267: 11–20
23	Day R L, Marsh B K. Measurement of porosity in blended cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research, 1988, 18(1): 63–73 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(88)90122-6
24	Vodák F, Trtík K, Kapičková O, Hošková Š, Demo P. The effect of temperature on strength–porosity relationship for concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2004, 18(7): 529–534 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.009
25	Auskern A, Horn W. Capillary porosity in hardened cement paste. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 1973, 1(1): 74–79 https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE11604J
26	Pantazopoulou S, Mills R. Microstructural aspects of the mechanical response of plain concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 1995, 92(6): 605–616
27	ASTM-D4404. Standard Test Method for Determination of Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007, 1–7
28	Winslow D N, Cohen M D, Bentz D P, Snyder K A, Garboczi E J. Percolation and pore structure in mortars and concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 1994, 24(1): 25–37 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90079-5
29	Cook D J, Cao H T. An Investigation of the Pore Structure in Fly Ash/OPC Blends, Pore Structure and Construction Properties. Proceedings of the First International Congress, RILEM/AFREM, 1987, 1: 69–76
30	Ouellet S, Bussière B, Aubertin M, Benzaazoua M. Microstructural evolution of cemented paste backfill: mercury intrusion porosimetry test results. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, 37(12): 1654–1665 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.016
31	Li G Y, Wang P M, Zhao X. Mechanical behavior and microstructure of cement composites incorporating surface-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon, 2005, 43(6): 1239–1245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.017
32	Holly J, Hampton D, Thomas M D. Modelling relationships between permeability and cement paste pore microstructures. Cement and Concrete Research, 1993, 23(6): 1317–1330 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(93)90069-L
33	El-Dieb A, Hooton R. Evaluation of the Katz-Thompson model for estimating the water permeability of cement-based materials from mercury intrusion porosimetry data. Cement and Concrete Research, 1994, 24(3): 443–455 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90131-7
34	Mehta P K, Manmohan D. Pore Size Distribution and Permeability of Hardened Cement Pastes. The 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, 1980, II: 1–5
35	Moon H Y, Kim H S, Choi D S. Relationship between average pore diameter and chloride diffusivity in various concretes. Construction & Building Materials, 2006, 20(9): 725–732 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.02.005
36	Moro F, Böhni H. Ink-bottle effect in mercury intrusion porosimetry of cement-based materials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2002, 246(1): 135–149 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.7962
37	Diamond S. Mercury porosimetry: an inappropriate method for the measurement of pore size distributions in cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(10): 1517–1525 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00370-7
38	Gallé C. Effect of drying on cement-based materials pore structure as identified by mercury intrusion porosimetry: a comparative study between oven-, vacuum-, and freeze-drying. Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, 31(10): 1467–1477 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00594-4
39	Mehta P K, Monteiro P J. Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials (3rd ed). 2006. McGraw-Hill New York
40	Ye G. Percolation of capillary pores in hardening cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research, 2005, 35(1): 167–176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.033
41	Cook R A, Hover K C. Mercury porosimetry of hardened cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research, 1999, 29(6): 933–943 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00083-6
42	Chen X, Wu S. Influence of water-to-cement ratio and curing period on pore structure of cement mortar. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 38: 804–812 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.058
43	Ma Y, Hu J, Ye G. The pore structure and permeability of alkali activated fly ash. Fuel, 2013, 104: 771–780 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.05.034
44	Zeng Q, Li K, Fen-chong T, Dangla P. Pore structure characterization of cement pastes blended with high-volume fly-ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 2012, 42(1): 194–204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.09.012
45	Zhou J, Ye G, van Breugel K. Characterization of pore structure in cement-based materials using pressurization–depressurization cycling mercury intrusion porosimetry (PDC-MIP). Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(7): 1120–1128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.011
46	Felipe C, Cordero S, Kornhauser I, Zgrablich G, López R, Rojas F. Domain complexion diagrams related to mercury intrusion-extrusion in monte carlo-simulated porous networks. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 2006, 23(1): 48–60 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200601013
47	Porcheron F, Monson P A, Thommes M. Modeling mercury porosimetry using statistical mechanics. Langmuir, 2004, 20(15): 6482–6489 https://doi.org/10.1021/la049939e
48	Porcheron F, Thommes M, Ahmad R, Monson P A. Mercury porosimetry in mesoporous glasses: a comparison of experiments with results from a molecular model. Langmuir, 2007, 23(6): 3372–3380 https://doi.org/10.1021/la063080e
49	Moura M J, Ferreira P J, Figueiredo M M. Mercury intrusion porosimetry in pulp and paper technology. Powder Technology, 2005, 160(2): 61–66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2005.08.033
50	Bhuiyan I, Mouzon J, Forsmo S P E, Hedlund J. Quantitative image analysis of bubble cavities in iron ore green pellets. Powder Technology, 2011, 214(3): 306–312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.08.028
51	Wild S. A discussion of the paper “Mercury porosimetry—an inappropriate method for the measurement of pore size distributions in cement-based materials” by S. Diamond. Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, 31(11): 1653–1654 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00616-0
52	Gallé C. Reply to the discussion by S. Diamond of the paper “Effect of drying on cement-based materials pore structure as identified by mercury intrusion porosimetry: a comparative study between oven-, vacuum-and freeze-drying”. Cement and Concrete Research, 2003, 33(1): 171–172 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00941-9
53	Wang Y.Microstructural study of hardened cement paste by backscatter scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Dissertation for PhD. degree. Purdue University, 1995
54	Liu Z, Winslow D. Sub-distributions of pore size: a new approach to correlate pore structure with permeability. Cement and Concrete Research, 1995, 25(4): 769–778 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00067-M
55	Diamond S. A critical comparison of mercury porosimetry and capillary condensation pore size distributions of portland cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research, 1971, 1(5): 531–545 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(71)90058-5
56	Katz A, Thompson A. Quantitative prediction of permeability in porous rock. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 1986, 34(11): 8179–8181 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.34.8179
57	Chatterji S. A discussion of the paper “Mercury porosimetry—an inappropriate method for the measurement of pore size distributions in cement-based materials” by S. Diamond. Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, 31(11): 1657–1658 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00618-4
58	Diamond S. Reply to the discussion by S. Chatterji of the paper “Mercury porosimetry—an inappropriate method for the measurement of pore size distributions in cement-based materials”. Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, 31(11): 1659 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00619-6
59	Wenzel R N. Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 1936, 28(8): 988–994 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50320a024
60	Marmur A. Soft contact: measurement and interpretation of contact angles. Soft Matter, 2006, 2(1): 12–17 https://doi.org/10.1039/B514811C
61	Marmur A. Solid-surface characterization by wetting. Annual Review of Materials Research, 2009, 39(1): 473–489 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.38.060407.132425
62	Moutinho I, Figueiredo M, Ferreira P. Evaluating the surface energy of laboratory-made paper sheets by contact angle measurements. Tappi Journal, 2007, 6(6): 26–32
63	Rosales-Leal J, Rodríguez-Valverde M A, Mazzaglia G, Ramón-Torregrosa P J, Díaz-Rodríguez L, García-Martínez O, Vallecillo-Capilla M, Ruiz C, Cabrerizo-Vílchez M A. Effect of roughness, wettability and morphology of engineered titanium surfaces on osteoblast-like cell adhesion. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2010, 365(1−3): 222–229 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.12.017
64	Marmur A. Thermodynamic aspects of contact angle hysteresis. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 1994, 50: 121–141 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(94)80028-6
65	Gao L, McCarthy T J. Contact angle hysteresis explained. Langmuir, 2006, 22(14): 6234–6237 https://doi.org/10.1021/la060254j
66	Walls J, Smith R. Surface science techniques. Vacuum, 2013, 45(6−7): 647
67	Hearn N, Hooton R D. Sample mass and dimension effects on mercury intrusion porosimetry results. Cement and Concrete Research, 1992, 22(5): 970–980 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(92)90121-B
68	Poon C S, Lam L, Wong Y L. A study on high strength concrete prepared with large volumes of low calcium fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(3): 447–455 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00271-9
69	Feldman R F, Beaudoin J J. Pretreatment of hardened hydrated cement pastes for mercury intrusion measurements. Cement and Concrete Research, 1991, 21(2−3): 297–308 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(91)90011-6
70	Korpa A, Trettin R. The influence of different drying methods on cement paste microstructures as reflected by gas adsorption: comparison between freeze-drying (F-drying), D-drying, P-drying and oven-drying methods. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(4): 634–649 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.021
71	Konecny L, Naqvi S J. The effect of different drying techniques on the pore size distribution of blended cement mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 1993, 23(5): 1223–1228 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(93)90183-A
72	Good R J, Mikhail R S. The contact angle in mercury intrusion porosimetry. Powder Technology, 1981, 29(1): 53–62 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(81)85004-8
73	Feldman R F. Pore structure damage in blended cements caused by mercury intrusion. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1984, 67(1): 30–33 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1984.tb19142.x
74	Ma H. Mercury intrusion porosimetry in concrete technology: tips in measurement, pore structure parameter acquisition and application. Journal of Porous Materials, 2014, 21(2): 207–215 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-013-9765-4
75	ISO15901-1. Evaluation of Pore Size Distribution and Porosimetry of Solid Materials by Mercury Porosimetry and Gas Adsorption—Part 1: Mercury Porosimetry (International Organization for Standardization. 2005. Geneva: 6–9
76	Kaufmann J, Loser R, Leemann A. Analysis of cement-bonded materials by multi-cycle mercury intrusion and nitrogen sorption. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2009, 336(2): 730–737 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2009.05.029
77	Kumar R, Bhattacharjee B. Study on some factors affecting the results in the use of MIP method in concrete research. Cement and Concrete Research, 2003, 33(3): 417–424 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00974-2
78	Ye G, Van Breugel K, Fraaij A. Three-dimensional microstructure analysis of numerically simulated cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 2003, 33(2): 215–222 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00889-X
79	Winslow D. Some experimental possibilities with mercury intrusion porosimetry. MRS Proceedings. Cambridge Univ Press, 1988
80	Bonard J M, Croci M, Klinke C, Kurt R, Noury O, Weiss N. Carbon nanotube films as electron field emitters. Carbon, 2002, 40(10): 1715–1728 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00011-8
81	Lau A K T, Hui D. The revolutionary creation of new advanced materials—carbon nanotube composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2002, 33(4): 263–277 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(02)00012-4
82	Fragneaud B, Masenelli-Varlot K, Gonzalez-Montiel A, Terrones M, Cavaillé J Y. Mechanical behavior of polystyrene grafted carbon nanotubes/polystyrene nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, 2008, 68(15−16): 3265–3271 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.08.013
83	Li G Y, Wang P M, Zhao X. Pressure-sensitive properties and microstructure of carbon nanotube reinforced cement composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2007, 29(5): 377–382 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.011
84	Makar J, Margeson J, Luh J. Carbon nanotube/cement composites-early results and potential applications. Conference on Construction Materials, 2005
85	Moore E M, Ortiz D L, Marla V T, Shambaugh R L, Grady B P. Enhancing the strength of polypropylene fibers with carbon nanotubes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004, 93(6): 2926–2933 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20703
86	Zhao Q, Gan Z, Zhuang Q. Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis, 2002, 14(23): 1609–1613 https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200290000
87	Riggs J E, Guo Z, Carroll D L, Sun Y P. Strong luminescence of solubilized carbon nanotubes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2000, 122(24): 5879–5880 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9942282
88	Makar J, Beaudoin J. Carbon nanotubes and their application in the construction industry. Special Publication- Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004, 292: 331–341 https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847551528-00331
89	Yu M F, Lourie O, Dyer M J, Moloni K, Kelly T F, Ruoff R S. Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load. Science, 2000, 287(5453): 637–640 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5453.637
90	Salvetat J P, Bonard J M, Thomson N H, Kulik A J, Forró L, Benoit W, Zuppiroli L. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 1999, 69(3): 255–260 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003390050999
91	Walters D, Ericson L M, Casavant M J, Liu J, Colbert D T, Smith K A, Smalley R E. Elastic strain of freely suspended single-wall carbon nanotube ropes. Applied Physics Letters, 1999, 74(25): 3803–3805 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.124185
92	Berber S, Kwon Y K, Tomanek D. Unusually high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes. Physical Review Letters, 2000, 84(20): 4613–4616 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4613
93	Louie S G. Electronic properties, junctions, and defects of carbon nanotubes. In: Dresselhaus M S, Dresselhaus G, Avouris P, eds. Carbon Nanotubes. Springer, 2001, 113–145
94	Cwirzen A, Habermehl-Cwirzen K, Penttala V. Surface decoration of carbon nanotubes and mechanical properties of cement/carbon nanotube composites. Advances in Cement Research, 2008, 20(2): 65–73 https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2008.20.2.65
95	Makar J M, Chan G W. Growth of cement hydration products on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2009, 92(6): 1303–1310 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03055.x
96	Barraza H J, Pompeo F, O’Rea E A, Resasco D E. SWNT-filled thermoplastic and elastomeric composites prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. Nano Letters, 2002, 2(8): 797–802 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0256208
97	Saez de Ibarra Y, Gaitero J J, Erkizia E, Campillo I. Atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation of cement pastes with nanotube dispersions. Physica Status Solidi (a), 2006, 203(6): 1076–1081
98	Ma R Z, Wu J, Wei B Q, Liang J, Wu D H. Processing and properties of carbon nanotubes–nano-SiC ceramic. Journal of Materials Science, 1998, 33(21): 5243–5246 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004492106337
99	Wansom S, Kidner N J, Woo L Y, Mason T O. AC-impedance response of multi-walled carbon nanotube/cement composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2006, 28(6): 509–519 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.01.014
100	Fu X, Chung D. Submicron-diameter-carbon-filament cement-matrix composites. Carbon, 1998, 36(4): 459–462 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(98)90017-3
101	Eitan A, Jiang K, Dukes D, Andrews R, Schadler L S. Surface modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: toward the tailoring of the interface in polymer composites. Chemistry of Materials, 2003, 15(16): 3198–3201 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm020975d
102	Cwirzen A, Habermehl-Cwirzen K, Nasibulin A G, Kaupinen E I, Mudimela P R, Penttala V. SEM/AFM studies of cementitious binder modified by MWCNT and nano-sized Fe needles. Materials Characterization, 2009, 60(7): 735–740 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.11.001
103	Musso S, Tulliani J M, Ferro G, Tagliaferro A. Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2009, 69(11−12): 1985–1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.05.002
104	Konsta-Gdoutos M S, Metaxa Z S, Shah S P. Multi-scale mechanical and fracture characteristics and early-age strain capacity of high performance carbon nanotube/cement nanocomposites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2010, 32(2): 110–115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.007
105	Sanchez F, Ince C. Microstructure and macroscopic properties of hybrid carbon nanofiber/silica fume cement composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2009, 69(7−8): 1310–1318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.03.006
106	Musso S, Porro S, Vinante M, Vanzetti L, Ploeger R, Giorcelli M, Possetti B, Trotta F, Pederzolli C, Tagliaferro A. Modification of MWNTs obtained by thermal-CVD. Diamond and Related Materials, 2007, 16(4): 1183–1187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2006.11.087
107	Chaipanich A, Nochaiya T, Wongkeo W, Torkittikul P. Compressive strength and microstructure of carbon nanotubes–fly ash cement composites. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2010, 527(4): 1063–1067 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.09.039
108	Nochaiya T, Tolkidtikul P, Singjai P, Chaipanich A. Microstructure and characterizations of Portland-carbon nanotubes pastes. Advanced Materials Research, 2008, 55: 549–552 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.55-57.549
109	Pandey S, Sharma R. The influence of mineral additives on the strength and porosity of OPC mortar. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(1): 19–23 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00180-5
110	Abell A, Willis K, Lange D. Mercury intrusion porosimetry and image analysis of cement-based materials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1999, 211(1): 39–44 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1998.5986
111	Pipilikaki P, Beazi-Katsioti M. The assessment of porosity and pore size distribution of limestone Portland cement pastes. Construction & Building Materials, 2009, 23(5): 1966–1970 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.028
112	Atahan H N, Oktar O N, Taşdemir M A. Effects of water–cement ratio and curing time on the critical pore width of hardened cement paste. Construction & Building Materials, 2009, 23(3): 1196– 1200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.011
113	Lu Z, Hou D, Meng L, Sun G, Lu C, Li Z. Mechanism of cement paste reinforced by graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes composites with enhanced mechanical properties. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(122): 100598–100605 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA18602A

[1]	Yurong ZHANG, Shengxuan XU, Yanhong GAO, Jie GUO, Yinghui CAO, Junzhi ZHANG. Correlation of chloride diffusion coefficient and microstructure parameters in concrete: A comparative analysis using NMR, MIP, and X-CT[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 1509-1519.
[2]	Beibei SUN, Hao WU, Weimin SONG, Zhe LI, Jia YU. Hydration, microstructure and autogenous shrinkage behaviors of cement mortars by addition of superabsorbent polymers[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(5): 1274-1284.
[3]	Emmanuel Owoichoechi MOMOH, Adelaja Israel OSOFERO. Recent developments in the application of oil palm fibers in cement composites[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(1): 94-108.
[4]	Jing HU, Pengfei LIU, Bernhard STEINAUER. A study on fatigue damage of asphalt mixture under different compaction using 3D-microstructural characteristics[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2017, 11(3): 329-337.
[5]	L. P. SINGH,A. GOEL,S. K. BHATTACHARYYA,G. MISHRA. Quantification of hydration products in cementitious materials incorporating silica nanoparticles[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2016, 10(2): 162-167.
[6]	Elena CERRO-PRADA,Miguel MANSO,Vicente TORRES,Jesús SORIANO. Microstructural and photocatalytic characterization of cement-paste sol-gel synthesized titanium dioxide[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2016, 10(2): 189-197.
[7]	George STEFANOU. Simulation of heterogeneous two-phase media using random fields and level sets[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2015, 9(2): 114-120.
[8]	Dong-Mei ZHANG, Zhen-Yu YIN, Pierre-Yves HICHER, Hong-Wei HUANG. Analysis of cement-treated clay behavior by micromechanical approach[J]. Front Struc Civil Eng, 2013, 7(2): 137-153.
[9]	Bettina ALBERS, Krzysztof WILMANSKI. Continuous modeling of soil morphology —thermomechanical behavior of embankment dams[J]. Front Arch Civil Eng Chin, 2011, 5(1): 11-23.
[10]	TANG Yiqun, ZHOU Nianqing, YANG Ping, SHEN Feng. Analysis of behavior of melted dark green silty soil[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2008, 2(3): 242-245.
[11]	CHEN Huisu, SUN Wei, ZHAO Qingxin, L. J. Sluys, P. Stroeven. Effects of fiber curvature on the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone in fresh concrete[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2007, 1(1): 99-106.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed