Please wait a minute...
Protein & Cell

ISSN 1674-800X

ISSN 1674-8018(Online)

CN 11-5886/Q

Postal Subscription Code 80-984

2018 Impact Factor: 7.575

Protein Cell    2018, Vol. 9 Issue (2) : 145-151    https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-017-0409-3
REVIEW
mTORC1 signaling in hepatic lipid metabolism
Jinbo Han, Yiguo Wang()
MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
 Download: PDF(446 KB)  
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway regulates many metabolic and physiological processes in different organs or tissues. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling has been implicated in many human diseases including obesity, diabetes, cancer, fatty liver diseases, and neuronal disorders. Here we review recent progress in understanding how mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) signaling regulates lipid metabolism in the liver.

Keywords mTOR      mTORC1      lipogenesis      lipophagy     
Corresponding Author(s): Yiguo Wang   
Issue Date: 22 March 2018
 Cite this article:   
Jinbo Han,Yiguo Wang. mTORC1 signaling in hepatic lipid metabolism[J]. Protein Cell, 2018, 9(2): 145-151.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/pac/EN/10.1007/s13238-017-0409-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/pac/EN/Y2018/V9/I2/145
1 Brown EJ, Albers MW, Shin TB, Ichikawa K, Keith CT, Lane WS, Schreiber SL (1994) A mammalian protein targeted by G1-arresting rapamycin-receptor complex. Nature 369:756–758
https://doi.org/10.1038/369756a0
2 Cafferkey R, Young PR, McLaughlin MM, Bergsma DJ, Koltin Y, Sathe GM, Faucette L, Eng WK, Johnson RK, Livi GP (1993) Dominant missense mutations in a novel yeast protein related to mammalian phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and VPS34 abrogate rapamycin cytotoxicity. Mol Cell Biol 13:6012–6023
https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.13.10.6012
3 Caron A, Richard D, Laplante M (2015) The roles of mTOR complexes in lipid metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 35:321–348
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034355
4 Chauhan S, Goodwin JG, Chauhan S, Manyam G, Wang J, Kamat AM, Boyd DD (2013) ZKSCAN3 is a master transcriptional repressor of autophagy. Mol Cell 50:16–28
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.01.024
5 Chen L, Wang K, Long A, Jia L, Zhang Y, Deng H, Li Y, Han J, Wang Y (2017) Fasting-induced hormonal regulation of lysosomal function. Cell Res.
https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2017.45
6 Cornu M, Albert V, Hall MN (2013) mTOR in aging, metabolism, and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 23:53–62
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2012.12.005
7 Duvel K, Yecies JL, Menon S, Raman P, Lipovsky AI, Souza AL, Triantafellow E, Ma Q, Gorski R, Cleaver Set al. (2010) Activation of a metabolic gene regulatory network downstream of mTOR complex 1. Mol Cell 39:171–183
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.06.022
8 Efeyan A, Zoncu R, Chang S, Gumper I, Snitkin H, Wolfson RL, Kirak O, Sabatini DD, Sabatini DM (2013) Regulation of mTORC1 by the Rag GTPases is necessary for neonatal autophagy and survival. Nature 493:679–683
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11745
9 Fan W, Evans R (2015) PPARs and ERRs: molecular mediators of mitochondrial metabolism. Curr Opin Cell Biol 33:49–54
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.11.002
10 Ferre P, Foufelle F (2007) SREBP-1c transcription factor and lipid homeostasis: clinical perspective. Horm Res 68:72–82
https://doi.org/10.1159/000100426
11 Ganley IG, du Lam H, Wang J, Ding X, Chen S, Jiang X (2009) ULK1.ATG13.FIP200 complex mediates mTOR signaling and is essential for autophagy. J Biol Chem 284:12297–12305
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M900573200
12 Goldstein JL, DeBose-Boyd RA, Brown MS (2006) Protein sensors for membrane sterols. Cell 124:35–46
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.022
13 Gwinn DM, Shackelford DB, Egan DF, Mihaylova MM, Mery A, Vasquez DS, Turk BE, Shaw RJ (2008) AMPK phosphorylation of raptor mediates a metabolic checkpoint. Mol Cell 30:214–226
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.003
14 Han J, Li E, Chen L, Zhang Y, Wei F, Liu J, Deng H, Wang Y (2015) The CREB coactivator CRTC2 controls hepatic lipid metabolism by regulating SREBP1. Nature 524:243–246
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14557
15 Handschin C, Spiegelman BM (2006) Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma coactivator 1 coactivators, energy homeostasis, and metabolism. Endocr Rev 27:728–735
https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2006-0037
16 Harrington LS, Findlay GM, Gray A, Tolkacheva T, Wigfield S, Rebholz H, Barnett J, Leslie NR, Cheng S, Shepherd PRet al. (2004) The TSC1-2 tumor suppressor controls insulin-PI3K signaling via regulation of IRS proteins. J Cell Biol 166:213–223
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200403069
17 Heitman J, Movva NR, Hall MN (1991) Targets for cell cycle arrest by the immunosuppressant rapamycin in yeast. Science 253:905–909
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1715094
18 Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (2002) SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 109:1125–1131
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI0215593
19 Hosokawa N, Hara T, Kaizuka T, Kishi C, Takamura A, Miura Y, Iemura S, Natsume T, Takehana K, Yamada Net al. (2009) Nutrientdependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy. Mol Biol Cell 20:1981–1991
https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E08-12-1248
20 Hsu PP, Kang SA, Rameseder J, Zhang Y, Ottina KA, Lim D, Peterson TR, Choi Y, Gray NS, Yaffe MBet al. (2011) The mTORregulated phosphoproteome reveals a mechanism of mTORC1-mediated inhibition of growth factor signaling. Science 332:1317–1322
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199498
21 Inoki K, Li Y, Zhu T, Wu J, Guan KL (2002) TSC2 is phosphorylated and inhibited by Akt and suppresses mTOR signalling. Nat Cell Biol 4:648–657
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb839
22 Inoki K, Li Y, Xu T, Guan KL (2003a) Rheb GTPase is a direct target of TSC2 GAP activity and regulates mTOR signaling. Genes Dev 17:1829–1834
https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1110003
23 Inoki K, Zhu T, Guan KL (2003b) TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival. Cell 115:577–590
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00929-2
24 Jung CH, Jun CB, Ro SH, Kim YM, Otto NM, Cao J, Kundu M, Kim DH (2009) ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes mediate mTOR signaling to the autophagy machinery. Mol Biol Cell 20:1992–2003
https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E08-12-1249
25 Kalender A, Selvaraj A, Kim SY, Gulati P, Brule S, Viollet B, Kemp BE, Bardeesy N, Dennis P, Schlager JJet al. (2010) Metformin, independent of AMPK, inhibits mTORC1 in a rag GTPasedependent manner. Cell Metab 11:390–401
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.014
26 Khamzina L, Veilleux A, Bergeron S, Marette A (2005) Increased activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in liver and skeletal muscle of obese rats: possible involvement in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Endocrinology 146:1473–1481
https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0921
27 Kim YC, Guan KL (2015) mTOR: a pharmacologic target for autophagy regulation. J Clin Invest 125:25–32
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI73939
28 Kim E, Goraksha-Hicks P, Li L, Neufeld TP, Guan KL (2008) Regulation of TORC1 by Rag GTPases in nutrient response. Nat Cell Biol 10:935–945
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1753
29 Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B, Guan KL (2011) AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol 13:132–141
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2152
30 Korolchuk VI, Saiki S, Lichtenberg M, Siddiqi FH, Roberts EA, Imarisio S, Jahreiss L, Sarkar S, Futter M, Menzies FMet al. (2011) Lysosomal positioning coordinates cellular nutrient responses. Nat Cell Biol 13:453–460
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2204
31 Kunz J, Henriquez R, Schneider U, Deuter-Reinhard M, Movva NR, Hall MN (1993) Target of rapamycin in yeast, TOR2, is an essential phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog required for G1 progression. Cell 73:585–596
https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90144-F
32 Lamming DW, Sabatini DM (2013) A central role for mTOR in lipid homeostasis. Cell Metab 18:465–469
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.08.002
33 Li S, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (2010) Bifurcation of insulin signaling pathway in rat liver: mTORC1 required for stimulation of lipogenesis, but not inhibition of gluconeogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:3441–3446
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914798107
34 Liu P, Gan W, Inuzuka H, Lazorchak AS, Gao D, Arojo O, Liu D, Wan L, Zhai B, Yu Yet al. (2013) Sin1 phosphorylation impairs mTORC2 complex integrity and inhibits downstream Akt signalling to suppress tumorigenesis. Nat Cell Biol 15:1340–1350
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2860
35 Manning BD, Tee AR, Logsdon MN, Blenis J, Cantley LC (2002) Identification of the tuberous sclerosis complex-2 tumor suppressor gene product tuberin as a target of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/akt pathway. Mol Cell 10:151–162
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00568-3
36 Martina JA, Chen Y, Gucek M, Puertollano R (2012) MTORC1 functions as a transcriptional regulator of autophagy by preventing nuclear transport of TFEB. Autophagy 8:903–914
https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.19653
37 Martina JA, Diab HI, Lishu L, Jeong AL, Patange S, Raben N, Puertollano R (2014) The nutrient-responsive transcription factor TFE3 promotes autophagy, lysosomal biogenesis, and clearance of cellular debris. Sci Signal 7(309):ra9
https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2004754
38 Martinez-Lopez N, Singh R (2015) Autophagy and lipid droplets in the liver. Annu Rev Nutr 35:215–237
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105336
39 Medina DL, Di Paola S, Peluso I, Armani A, De Stefani D, Venditti R, Montefusco S, Scotto-Rosato A, Prezioso C, Forrester Aet al. (2015) Lysosomal calcium signalling regulates autophagy through calcineurin and TFEB. Nat Cell Biol 17:288–299
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3114
40 Mizushima N, Komatsu M (2011) Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues. Cell 147:728–741
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.026
41 O’Rourke EJ, Ruvkun G (2013) MXL-3 and HLH-30 transcriptionally link lipolysis and autophagy to nutrient availability. Nat Cell Biol 15:668–676
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2741
42 Owen JL, Zhang Y, Bae SH, Farooqi MS, Liang G, Hammer RE, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (2012) Insulin stimulation of SREBP-1c processing in transgenic rat hepatocytes requires p70 S6-kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:16184–16189
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213343109
43 Pena-Llopis S, Vega-Rubin-de-Celis S, Schwartz JC, Wolff NC, Tran TA, Zou L, Xie XJ, Corey DR, Brugarolas J (2011) Regulation of TFEB and V-ATPases by mTORC1. EMBO J 30:3242–3258
https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.257
44 Peterson TR, Sengupta SS, Harris TE, Carmack AE, Kang SA, Balderas E, Guertin DA, Madden KL, Carpenter AE, Finck BNet al. (2011) mTOR complex 1 regulates lipin 1 localization to control the SREBP pathway. Cell 146:408–420
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.034
45 Porstmann T, Santos CR, Griffiths B, Cully M, Wu M, Leevers S, Griffiths JR, Chung YL, Schulze A (2008) SREBP activity is regulated by mTORC1 and contributes to Akt-dependent cell growth. Cell Metab 8:224–236
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2008.07.007
46 Potter CJ, Pedraza LG, Xu T (2002) Akt regulates growth by directly phosphorylating Tsc2. Nat Cell Biol 4:658–665
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb840
47 Raben N, Puertollano R (2016) TFEB and TFE3: linking lysosomes to cellular adaptation to stress. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 32:255–278
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125407
48 Rabinowitz JD, White E (2010) Autophagy and metabolism. Science 330:1344–1348
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193497
49 Roczniak-Ferguson A, Petit CS, Froehlich F, Qian S, Ky J, Angarola B, Walther TC, Ferguson SM (2012) The transcription factor TFEB links mTORC1 signaling to transcriptional control of lysosome homeostasis. Sci Signal 5(228):ra42
https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2002790
50 Rui L (2014) Energy metabolism in the liver. Compr Physio l 4:177–197
https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c130024
51 Sabatini DM, Erdjument-Bromage H, Lui M, Tempst P, Snyder SH (1994) RAFT1: a mammalian protein that binds to FKBP12 in a rapamycin-dependent fashion and is homologous to yeast TORs. Cell 78:35–43
https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(94)90570-3
52 Sabers CJ, Martin MM, Brunn GJ, Williams JM, Dumont FJ, Wiederrecht G, Abraham RT (1995) Isolation of a protein target of the FKBP12-rapamycin complex in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 270:815–822
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.2.815
53 Samuel VT, Shulman GI (2012) Mechanisms for insulin resistance: common threads and missing links. Cell 148:852–871
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017
54 Sancak Y, Peterson TR, Shaul YD, Lindquist RA, Thoreen CC, Bar-Peled L, SabatiniDM (2008) The rag GTPases bind raptor and mediate amino acid signaling to mTORC1. Science 320:1496–1501
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157535
55 Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM (2010) Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell 141:290–303
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
56 Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM, Sabatini DM (2005) Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science 307:1098–1101
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106148
57 Sardiello M, Palmieri M, di Ronza A, Medina DL, Valenza M, Gennarino VA, Di Malta C, Donaudy F, Embrione V, Polishchuk RSet al. (2009) A gene network regulating lysosomal biogenesis and function. Science 325:473–477
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1174447
58 Saucedo LJ, Gao X, Chiarelli DA, Li L, Pan D, Edgar BA (2003) Rheb promotes cell growth as a component of the insulin/TOR signalling network. Nat Cell Biol 5:566–571
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb996
59 Saxton RA, Sabatini DM (2017) mTOR signaling in growth, metabolism, and disease. Cell 168:960–976
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.004
60 Settembre C, Di Malta C, Polito VA, Garcia Arencibia M, Vetrini F, Erdin S, Erdin SU, Huynh T, Medina D, Colella Pet al. (2011) TFEB links autophagy to lysosomal biogenesis. Science 332:1429–1433
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204592
61 Settembre C, Zoncu R, Medina DL, Vetrini F, Erdin S, Erdin S, Huynh T, Ferron M, Karsenty G, Vellard MCet al. (2012) A lysosome-to-nucleus signalling mechanism senses and regulates the lysosome via mTOR and TFEB. EMBO J 31:1095–1108
https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2012.32
62 Settembre C, De Cegli R, Mansueto G, Saha PK, Vetrini F, Visvikis O, Huynh T, Carissimo A, Palmer D, Klisch TJet al. (2013a) TFEB controls cellular lipid metabolism through a starvation-induced autoregulatory loop. Nat Cell Biol 15:647–658
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2718
63 Settembre C, Fraldi A, Medina DL, Ballabio A (2013b) Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance and energy metabolism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14:283–296
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3565
64 Shah OJ, Wang Z, Hunter T (2004) Inappropriate activation of the TSC/Rheb/mTOR/S6K cassette induces IRS1/2 depletion, insulin resistance, and cell survival deficiencies. Curr Biol 14:1650–1656
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.026
65 Shaw RJ, Bardeesy N, Manning BD, Lopez L, Kosmatka M, DePinho RA, Cantley LC (2004) The LKB1 tumor suppressor negatively regulates mTOR signaling. Cancer Cell 6:91–99
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2004.06.007
66 Shimobayashi M, Hall MN (2014) Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15:155–162
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3757
67 Singh R, Kaushik S, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Novak I, Komatsu M, Tanaka K, Cuervo AM, Czaja MJ (2009) Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism. Nature 458:1131–1135
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07976
68 Stocker H, Radimerski T, Schindelholz B, Wittwer F, Belawat P, Daram P, Breuer S, Thomas G, Hafen E (2003) Rheb is an essential regulator of S6K in controlling cell growth in Drosophila. Nat Cell Biol 5:559–565
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb995
69 Tee AR, Manning BD, Roux PP, Cantley LC, Blenis J (2003) Tuberous sclerosis complex gene products, Tuberin and Hamartin, control mTOR signaling by acting as a GTPase-activating protein complex toward Rheb. Curr Biol 13:1259–1268
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00506-2
70 Um SH, Frigerio F, Watanabe M, Picard F, Joaquin M, Sticker M, Fumagalli S, Allegrini PR, Kozma SC, Auwerx Jet al. (2004) Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity. Nature 431:200–205
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02866
71 Wang Y, Viscarra J, Kim SJ, Sul HS (2015) Transcriptional regulation of hepatic lipogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:678–689
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm4074
72 Xu H, Ren D (2015) Lysosomal physiology. Annu Rev Physiol 77:57–80
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021014-071649
73 Yang L, Li P, Fu S, Calay ES, Hotamisligil GS (2010) Defective hepatic autophagy in obesity promotes ER stress and causes insulin resistance. Cell Metab 11:467–478
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2010.04.005
74 Yecies JL, Zhang HH, Menon S, Liu S, Yecies D, Lipovsky AI, Gorgun C, Kwiatkowski DJ, Hotamisligil GS, Lee CHet al. (2011) Akt stimulates hepatic SREBP1c and lipogenesis through parallel mTORC1-dependent and independent pathways. Cell Metab 14:21–32
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.002
75 Yu L, McPhee CK, Zheng L, Mardones GA, Rong Y, Peng J, Mi N, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Wan Fet al. (2010) Termination of autophagy and reformation of lysosomes regulated by mTOR. Nature 465:942–946
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09076
76 Yu Y, Yoon SO, Poulogiannis G, Yang Q, Ma XM, Villen J, Kubica N, Hoffman GR, Cantley LC, Gygi SPet al. (2011) Phosphoproteomic analysis identifies Grb10 as an mTORC1 substrate that negatively regulates insulin signaling. Science 332:1322–1326
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199484
77 Yuan HX, Russell RC, Guan KL (2013) Regulation of PIK3C3/VPS34 complexes by MTOR in nutrient stress-induced autophagy. Autophagy 9:1983–1995
https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.26058
78 Zhang Y, Gao X, Saucedo LJ, Ru B, Edgar BA, Pan D (2003) Rheb is a direct target of the tuberous sclerosis tumour suppressor proteins. Nat Cell Biol 5:578–581
[1] Tong Li, Jinbo Han, Liangjie Jia, Xiao Hu, Liqun Chen, Yiguo Wang. PKM2 coordinates glycolysis with mitochondrial fusion and oxidative phosphorylation[J]. Protein Cell, 2019, 10(8): 583-594.
[2] Huirong Yang,Jia Wang,Mengjie Liu,Xizi Chen,Min Huang,Dan Tan,Meng-Qiu Dong,Catherine C. L. Wong,Jiawei Wang,Yanhui Xu,Hong-Wei Wang. 4.4 Å Resolution Cryo-EM structure of human mTOR Complex 1[J]. Protein Cell, 2016, 7(12): 878-887.
[3] Fang Hu,Feng Liu. Targeting tissue-specific metabolic signaling pathways in aging: the promise and limitations[J]. Protein Cell, 2014, 5(1): 21-35.
[4] Adam S. Lazorchak, Bing Su. Perspectives on the role of mTORC2 in B lymphocyte development, immunity and tumorigenesis[J]. Prot Cell, 2011, 2(7): 523-530.
[5] Daming Gao, Lixin Wan, Wenyi Wei. Phosphorylation of Rictor at Thr1135 impairs the Rictor/Cullin-1 complex to ubiquitinate SGK1[J]. Prot Cell, 2010, 1(10): 881-885.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed