Low-density polyethylene microplastics partially alleviate the ecotoxicological effects induced by cadmium exposure on the earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i>

doi:10.1007/s42832-023-0184-4

Soil Ecology Letters

2024, Vol. 6

Issue (1) : 230184 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-023-0184-4

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Low-density polyethylene microplastics partially alleviate the ecotoxicological effects induced by cadmium exposure on the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Song Zhang^1,^2,^3,⁴, Yating Du^1,^2,^3,⁴, Guangshen Shang^1,^2,⁴, Kejiao Hu^1,^2,⁴, Xing Wang^1,^2,⁴(

)

¹. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
². Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China
³. Organic Cycle Research Institute (Suzhou), China Agricultural University, Suzhou 215100, China
⁴. Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China

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Abstract

● LDPE had no effect on the mortality, growth, and reproduction of earthworms.

● LDPE did not alter the mortality, growth, and reproduction of earthworm caused by Cd.

● LDPE alleviated histopathological damage to earthworms caused by Cd.

● LDPE alleviated DNA damage in earthworm coelomocytes caused by Cd.

● LDPE did not affect the accumulation of Cd in earthworms.

Cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in the food chain, with serious impacts on human health and safety. Microplastics (MPs) such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) should be considered not only as a single pollutant but also as a carrier of other pollutants. In this study, we investigated the joint effects of 30% LDPE and 313 mg kg⁻¹ Cd on mortality, growth, reproduction, microstructure, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mRNA levels in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. We found that 313 mg kg⁻¹ Cd inhibited growth and reproduction and damaged the microstructures of the skin and intestine. Meanwhile, LDPE had no effect on the mortality, growth, or cocoon production of earthworms. Moreover, it did not increase the mortality, growth, or inhibition of cocoon production caused by Cd and instead alleviated the DNA damage in coelomocytes caused by Cd treatment. Finally, it did not alter the accumulation of Cd in the worms. These indicators can be used for toxicity safety assessment and soil ecological risk assessment of LDPE and Cd cooccurrence in soil.

Keywords microplastics Eisenia fetida DNA damage histopathological damage heavy metals

Corresponding Author(s): Xing Wang

Issue Date: 10 December 2023

Cite this article:

Song Zhang,Yating Du,Guangshen Shang, et al. Low-density polyethylene microplastics partially alleviate the ecotoxicological effects induced by cadmium exposure on the earthworm Eisenia fetida[J]. Soil Ecology Letters, 2024, 6(1): 230184.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/sel/EN/10.1007/s42832-023-0184-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/sel/EN/Y2024/V6/I1/230184

Tab.1 Sequences of primers used for real-time qPCR.

Fig.1 LDPE has no effect on inhibition of earthworm growth caused by Cd. (A) The mortality of earthworms increased with increasing Cd concentration. (B) The growth rate of earthworms decreased in response to 60% LDPE. (C) Mortality of earthworms showed no significant difference among treatments on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. (D) LDPE (30%) had no effect on the inhibition of earthworm growth caused by 313 mg kg^?1 Cd. Different letters (a?c) in the graphs indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05).

Fig.2 LDPE (30%) has no effect on the inhibition of earthworm cocoon production cause by 313 mg kg^?1 Cd. (A) Earthworm cocoons from the control group. (B) The number of earthworm cocoons in the 30% LDPE group was nearly equal to that in the control group. (C) Fewer earthworm cocoons were obtained from the 313 mg kg^?1 Cd group than the control group. (D) LDPE (30%) did not alleviate the inhibition of earthworm cocoon production caused by 313 mg kg^?1 Cd. (E) Statistical analysis of A, B, C and D. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 5). *p < 0.05.

Fig.3 LDPE alleviates the damage to the microstructure of E. fetida caused by Cd. (A–D) The body wall tissues of earthworms exposed to 313 mg/kg Cd were severely damaged (scale bars, 500 μm). (A'–D') The epidermis of earthworms exposed to 313 mg kg^?1 Cd was damaged and the circular muscle layer was thinned. E, CM and LM represent the epidermis, circular muscle and longitudinal muscle layers, respectively (scale bars, 100 μm). (A"–D") The chlorogenic tissue of earthworms exposed to 313 mg kg^?1 Cd was damaged. Ch and Ep represent the chlorogenic tissue and epithelial tissue of the intestinal tract, respectively (scale bars, 100 μm).

Fig.4 LDPE can alleviate the DNA damage caused by Cd in earthworm coelomocytes. (A–A?) On the day 7, Cd treatment and LDPE + Cd treatment was seen to have caused DNA damage to coelomic cells. (B–B?) On day 14, Cd treatment and LDPE + Cd treatment was observed to have caused DNA damage to coelomic cells. (C–C?) On day 21, Cd treatment and LDPE + Cd treatment was seen to have caused DNA damage to coelomic cells. (D–D?) On day 28, LDPE alleviated the DNA damage caused by Cd treatment in coelomic cells (E). Control, 30% LDPE, 313 mg kg^?1 Cd, and LDPE + Cd treated soils on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 (E). OTM values of the control, 30% LDPE, 313 mg kg^?1 Cd and LDPE + Cd treated soils on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 (F). All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 50), p < 0.05.

Fig.5 LDPE may aggravate the inhibition of the antioxidant system caused by Cd. (A) On days 7 and 21, LDPE aggravated the decrease in CAT activity caused by Cd. (B) POD activity was lower in the Cd treatment than the control on the days 14 and 21. (C) To alleviate the strong toxicity of Cd, earthworms were stimulated to produce more GSH. (D) MDA activity in the Cd treatment was higher than in the control on day 14. (E) The presence of LDPE strengthened the inhibition of SOD activity caused by Cd by day 28. (n = 5), p < 0.05.

Fig.6 The mRNA level of MT increases with coexposure of earthworms to LDPE and Cd. (A) The LDPE + Cd treatment increased MT expression in earthworms. (B) This result suggests that Cd and LDPE can reduce the expression of ANN. (C) TCTP expression was higher in the LDPE + Cd treatment than the Cd treatment on the days 7 and 28. (D) The HSP70 mRNA level was higher in the LDPE + Cd treatment than the Cd treatment on days 7 and 21. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 5), p < 0.05.

Fig.7 LDPE does not affect the accumulation of Cd in E. fetida. The graph shows the following. Total: the total Cd content of soil (which was lower than the initial amount added to the Cd and LDPE + Cd treatments); acid-extractable fraction, that is, the level of Cd in the acid-extractable fraction; reducible fraction: the level of Cd in the reducible fraction; oxidizable fraction, that is, the level of Cd in the oxidizable fraction; residual fraction, that is, the level of Cd in the residual fraction; (E) the level of Cd in the Eisenia fetida. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 5), p < 0.05.

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