Impact of metal polluted sewage water on soil nematode assemblages in agricultural settings of Aligarh, India

doi:10.1007/s42832-023-0193-3

Soil Ecology Letters

2024, Vol. 6

Issue (1) : 230193 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-023-0193-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact of metal polluted sewage water on soil nematode assemblages in agricultural settings of Aligarh, India

Mohammed F.S.A. Ghanem, Shahid Afzal, Humira Nesar, Zarrin Imran, Wasim Ahmad(

)

Nematode Biodiversity Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

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Abstract

● Sewage water in agriculture threatens human health and soil ecosystems through metal pollution.

● Nematodes show promise as bioindicators of soil health due to their abundance and position in soil food webs.

● Metal-polluted water decreased abundance of certain nematode groups and Sigma Maturity Index.

● Metal pollution positively affected nematode groups with r-selected life cycles.

Sewage water has been inappropriately used in agriculture, posing possible threats to human health and the soil ecosystems by its constituent pollutants, especially heavy metals. Correct evaluation of its influences on soil biomes needs to consider the response of soil fauna. Among soil organisms, nematodes are seen as the best promising candidates for bioindicators of soil health. Here in, we collected soil samples from fresh water irrigated field from three sites (S1, S2 and S3) and sewage water irrigated distance gradient (5 m−40 m), to assess the influence of metal (Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Pb) polluted water on various characteristics of nematode communities. The results indicated that the heavy metals decreased the abundance of C-p3 nematodes, herbivores, and predatory nematodes as well as sigma maturity index, whereas, C-p1, C-p2, bacterivore and fungivore nematodes abundance and diversity positively responded to the metal pollution. Generally, nematode genera with r-selected life cycle were positively affected and those with K-selected life cycle were negatively affected by metal pollution. Overall nematode community has potential to be used as indicator of pollution stress in agricultural soils to check soil health and sustainability.

Keywords heavy metals sewage irrigation agriculture nematodes bioindicators

Corresponding Author(s): Wasim Ahmad

About author:

Peng Lei and Charity Ngina Mwangi contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 10 December 2023

Cite this article:

Mohammed F.S.A. Ghanem,Shahid Afzal,Humira Nesar, et al. Impact of metal polluted sewage water on soil nematode assemblages in agricultural settings of Aligarh, India[J]. Soil Ecology Letters, 2024, 6(1): 230193.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/sel/EN/10.1007/s42832-023-0193-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/sel/EN/Y2024/V6/I1/230193

Tab.1 Various soil parameters and total heavy metal content at fresh water irrigated locations and sewage water irrigated field along a distance gradient. Data is mean±SE (n=5).

Fig.1 Total abundances of nematodes (A), C-p1 abundance (B), C-p2 abundance (C), C-p3 abundance (D), C-p4 abundance (E), and C-p5 abundance (F). Different letters indicate significant pairwise differences between means indicated by ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey HSD test (P < 0.05).

	S1	S2	S3	5 m	10 m	15 m	20 m	25 m	30 m	35 m	40 m	F-value	P-value
Functional indices
MI	2.65±0.05a	2.85±0.09a	2.92±0.04a	2.62±0.04a	2.59±0.05a	2.66±0.05a	2.69±0.03a	2.67±0.05a	2.90±0.12a	2.66±0.04a	2.59±0.03a	2.90	0.60
MI2-5	2.72±0.03a	2.92±0.06a	3±0.13a	3.02±0.45a	2.93±0.03a	3.08±0.155a	3.10±0.01a	3.06±0.01a	2.99±0.09a	2.76±0.04a	2.75±0.17a	2.38	0.043
PPI	2.95±0.01a	2.97±0.02a	3.02±0.00a	2.94±0.01a	2.91±0.02a	2.88±0.01a	2.9±0.00a	2.92±0.05a	3.2±0.05a	3.01±0.12a	3.11±0.33a	1.23	0.323
CI	60.86±5.62ab	62.25±21.32ab	64.81±27.78ab	18.18±5.14b	22.08±5.80b	18.32±5.07b	16.46±0.56b	20.13±3.00b	55.69±16.14ab	65.83±30.19ab	84.31±23.53a	2.70	0.025
EI	38.92±3.17bcde	34.69±4.33e	35.98±18.81de	65.52±5.26abc	63.07±5.48abcd	68.27±7.75a	66.67±2.41ab	66.95±1.77ab	35.96±4.28de	40.35±12.09abcde	37.62±4.06cde	7.30	0.0001
SI	68.93±1.02a	76.06±2.58a	78.30±3.58a	77.62±0.9a	74.89±1.31a	79.61±3.43a	79.76±0.05a	79.53±0.41a	75.86±3a	68.86±0.82a	68.14±8.17a	2.59	0.070
Total nematode biomass
TBN	0.37±0.01a	0.46±0.02a	0.40±0.04a	0.31±0.08b	0.30±0.00b	0.45±0.155a	0.39±0.08a	0.39±0.4a	0.11±0.01bc	0.13±0.01bc	0.08±0.00c	10.280	0.0001
Diversity indices
1-D	0.78±0.00b	0.74±0.10b	0.81±0.08ab	0.88±0.01a	0.88±0.01a	0.89±0.00a	0.86±0.00a	0.88±0.00a	0.84±0.01a	0.87±0.01a	0.88±0.02a	4.880	0.001
H	2.02±0.02b	1.87±0.07b	2.14±0.02b	2.45±0.17a	2.45±0.12a	2.53±0.00a	2.40±0.04a	2.56±0.01a	2.23±0.07a	2.44±0.04a	2.46±0.28a	9.40	0.0001
J	0.35±0.01de	0.32±0.003	0.46±0.01cd	0.60±0.02b	0.68±0.03ab	0.62±0.01ab	0.58±0.03bc	0.58±0.01b	0.59±0.02b	0.67±0.00ab	0.73±0.02a	31.47	0.0001
GR	21.5±1.75a	20±1.5a	18.66±0.00a	24.41±9.25a	17±1.5a	20.33±0.5a	19.33±2a	22±0.00a	15.66±0.5a	17.33±0.5a	16.66±5.5a	1.247	0.317
Trophic abundances
Ba	45.24±1.39a	48.08±7.03a	47.29±21.75a	82.13±14.2a	94.29±1.01a	117.71±18.43a	110.89±15.61a	109.83±6.71a	72.96±17.09a	72.32±4.08a	55.3±9.61a	1.232	0.325
Fu	43.87±4.78b	34.14±5.18b	38.19±3.00b	60.43±4.65a	77.47±9.73a	103.47±15.15a	91.72±12.95a	99.89±16.36a	65.8±6.78a	73.49±7.90a	56.88±16.48a	7.78	0.0001
He	328.61±15.92b	380.14±33.4a	312.86±29.54b	42.63±21.45d	50.33±9.73d	69.36±1.93d	84.52±12.33c	83.43±8.11c	7.17±7.17f	15.3±3.81ef	11.99±2.92ef	16.310	0.0001
Om	15.00±0.09	11.94±6.16a	27.80±2.33a	10.23±2.35a	11.86±4.25a	20.35±5.31a	15.91±2.95a	20.18±6.40a	5.22±1.83a	6.19±3.82a	5.51±3.02a	2.485	0.036
Pr	15.25±2.06b	28.14±0.69a	26.07±4.28a	0.33±0.5c	0.92±0.16c	1.23±0.24c	2.33±1.10c	1.32±0.93c	2.45±1c	3.76±3.82c	1.87±0.83c	34.008	0.0001

Tab.2 Various parameters of soil nematode community under fresh water irrigated locations and sewage water irrigated field along a distance gradient. Data is mean±SE. (n=5).

Tab.3 Pairwise comparisons of nematode community composition (ANOISM) between reference sites and distance gradient under sewage water irrigation.

Fig.2 Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) of the nematode genera composition (based on Bray-Curtis similarities of square-root transformed relative abundances of nematode genera) in fresh water irrigated sites soils (S1, S2 and S3) and Sewage water irrigated distance gradient (5 m?40 m) in agricultural soil. S1: Filled square; S2: Blank square; S3: Filled circle; 5 m: Cross; 10 m: Blank diamond; 15 m: Star; 20 m: Blank triangle; 25 m: Filled triangle; 30 m: Filled diamond; 35 m: Blank inverted triangle; 40 m: Filled inverted triangle.

Fig.3 Sigma maturity index of the nematode community. Different letters indicate significant pairwise differences between means indicated by ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey HSD test (P < 0.05).

Fig.4 Principal Component analysis of the abiotic variables and nematodes variables from fresh water irrigation sites (S1?S3) and sewage water irrigated distance gradient soils (5 m?40 m). For the abbreviations of abiotic variables and nematodes variable, see Table 1. The first and second axis showed a variability of 40.03% and 15.96% respectively.

Fig.5 Correlation matrix between the abiotic variables and nematode variables (TNA: Total nematode abundance; C-p1?C-p5: nematode abundances). For the abbreviations of abiotic variables, see Table 1.

Fig.6 Principal component analysis of the abiotic variables and nematodes genera abundances from fresh water irrigation sites (S1?S3) and sewage water irrigated distance gradient soils (5 m?40 m). For the abbreviations of abiotic variables, see Table 1, and nematodes genera, see Table S2. The first and second axis showed a variability of 26.6% and 9.5% respectively.

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