Effect of metal ion-doping on characteristics and photocatalytic activity of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes for removal of humic acid from water

doi:10.1007/s11783-014-0737-y

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2015, Vol. 9

Issue (5) : 850-860 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0737-y

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effect of metal ion-doping on characteristics and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes for removal of humic acid from water

Rongfang YUAN^1,²,Beihai ZHOU^1,^2,^*(

),Duo HUA^1,²,Chunhong SHI^1,²

1. Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry for High Efficient Mining and Safety in Metal Mine, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2. Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

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Abstract

The effect of ion-doping on TiO₂ nanotubes were investigated to obtain the optimal TiO₂ nanotubes for the effective decomposition of humic acids (HA) through O₃/UV/ion-doped TiO₂ process. The experimental results show that changing the calcination temperature, which changed the weight fractions of the anatase phase, the average crystallite sizes, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, and the energy band gap of the catalyst, affected the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst. The ionic radius, valence state, and configuration of the dopant also affected the photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activities of the catalysts on HA removal increased when Ag⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, V⁵⁺, and Zn²⁺ were doped into the TiO₂ nanotubes, whereas such activities decreased as a result of Mn²⁺- and Ni²⁺-doping. In the presence of 1.0 at.% Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂ nanotubes calcined at 550°C, the removal efficiency of HA was 80% with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.158 min⁻¹. Fe³⁺ in TiO₂ could increase the generation of ·OH, which could remove HA. However, Fe³⁺ in water cannot function as a shallow trapping site for electrons or holes.

Keywords TiO₂ nanotubes ion-doping humic acids pseudo-first-order mechanism

Corresponding Author(s): Beihai ZHOU

Online First Date: 26 June 2014 Issue Date: 08 October 2015

Cite this article:

Rongfang YUAN,Beihai ZHOU,Chunhong SHI, et al. Effect of metal ion-doping on characteristics and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes for removal of humic acid from water[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(5): 850-860.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0737-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I5/850

Fig.1 TEM images of Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂ nanotubes calcined at 550°C

Fig.2 XRD patterns of the TiO₂ nanotubes. (a) Un-doped TiO₂ calcined at 400°C to 600°C; (b) Ion-doped TiO₂ with different doped ions calcined at 550°C. “A” refers to the anatase phase, “R” refers to the rutile phase, and the words in red indicate the Bragg angles (2θ) of the characteristic peak of (101) crystal planes

Tab.1 Catalytic properties of the TiO₂ nanotube samples

Fig.3 XPS spectra of the TiO₂ nanotubes: (a) XPS survey scan of the un-doped TiO₂; (b)–(k) XPS spectra of Ag 3d, Al 2p, Cu 2p, Fe 2p, Mn 2p, Ni 2p, V 2p, Zn 2p, Ti 2p, and O 1s, respectively

Fig.4 UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra and energy band gap of TiO₂ nanotubes: (a) un-doped TiO₂ calcined at 400°C to 600°C; (b) ion-doped TiO₂ nanotubes with different doped ions calcined at 550°C

Fig.5 Removal of 10 mg·L⁻¹ HA in the presence of different TiO₂ nanotubes: (a) degradation of HA versus irradiation time for un-doped TiO₂; (b) removal efficiency of HA after irradiation for 30 min in the presence of different TiO₂. The samples were bubbled with O₃ (1 L·min⁻¹, 10%) or O₂ (1 L·min⁻¹) for 30 min prior to the degradation reaction

Fig.6 Degradation of 10 mg·L⁻¹ HA solution via O₃, O₃/Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂, O₃/UV, O₂/UV/Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂, O₃/UV/ Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂ and O₃/UV/Fe³⁺/TiO₂ processes. The samples were bubbled with O₃ (1 L·min⁻¹, 10%) or O₂ (1 L·min⁻¹) for 30 min prior to the degradation reaction

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