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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (2) : 21    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1313-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Antioxidative potential of metformin: Possible protective mechanism against generating OH radicals
Huibin Guo1, Ning Wang4, Xiang Li2,3()
1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
2. Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
3. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
4. Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Abstract

• Metformin consumes O2−• and OH• induced by PM are proposed.

• OH• dominated the oxidation of metformin compared with O2−•

• Metformin can prevent the harm of ROS induced by PM to human health.

• Antioxidative potential of metformin was first proposed to provide measures.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) can lead to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes oxidative stress and endangers human health. In this study, the effects of metformin on PM-induced radicals were investigated, and the antioxidation reaction mechanism of metformin was analyzed by the density functional theory (DFT) method. The corresponding results revealed that the consumption rate of dithiothreitol (DTT) increased as the metformin concentration (0–40 mmol/L) increased under exposure to PM active components. Moreover, the OH radical content decreased as the metformin concentration increased. This result may be related to the consumption of PM-induced OH radicals by metformin, which promotes the DTT consumption rate. Additionally, because the initiation reaction has a high barrier, the oxidation reaction rate between metformin and •O2− is not very fast, although various catalysts may be present in the human environment. Importantly, we found that the barrier of metformin induced by OH radicals is only 9.6 kcal/mol while the barrier of metformin induced by oxygen is 57.9 kcal/mol, which shows that the rate of the •OH-initiated oxidative reaction of metformin is much faster and that this reaction path occurs more easily. By sample analysis, the mean OH radical generation was 55 nmol/min/g (ranging from 5 to 105 nmol/min/g) on haze days and 30 nmol/min/g (ranging from 10 to 50 nmol/min/g) on non-haze days. Moreover, OH radical generation was higher on haze days than on neighboring non-haze days. Taken together, all data suggest that metformin could consume the PM-induced radicals, such as OH radicals and •O2−, thereby providing health protection.
Keywords Antioxidative potential      Metformin      Mechanism      OH radical      Health protection.     
Corresponding Author(s): Xiang Li   
Issue Date: 26 August 2020
 Cite this article:   
Huibin Guo,Ning Wang,Xiang Li. Antioxidative potential of metformin: Possible protective mechanism against generating OH radicals[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(2): 21.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1313-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I2/21
Fig.1  Diagram for the reaction path of DTT and O2 in aqueous phase.
Reaction Gas phase Liquid phase
DEb DEr DEb DEr
DTT+ O2→IM1+ IM2 6.03 −14.48 5.53 −21.78
IM1+ IM2→P1+ 2OH• 12.78 −37.39 10.71 −43.64
Tab.1  Relative energies of DTT oxidation in gas and liquid phase, respectively
Fig.2  Effect of metformin concentration on OH radical formation in the simulation atmospheric PM.
Fig.3  Diagram for the reaction path of metformin and •O2− in aqueous phase.
Reaction Gas phase Liquid phase
DEb DEr DEb DEr
Metformin+ O2−•→IM1+ O−• 36.38 36.14 57.89 62.75
IM1+ O−•→IM2 60.71 13.48 61.33 18.41
IM2→P1+ HNO 3.46 45.84 10.13 69.38
Tab.2  Relative energies of metformin oxidation with O2−• in gas and liquid phase, respectively
Fig.4  Diagram for the reaction path of metformin and OH• in aqueous phase.
Reaction Gas phase Liquid phase
DEb DEr DEb DEr
Metformin+ OH•→Complex1 −14.68 −10.27
Complex1→IM1+ H2O 10.04 −1.91 9.60 −5.72
IM1+ OH•→IM2 13.99 −39.42 12.80 −45.46
IM2+ OH•→Complex2 −15.81
IM2+ OH•(Complex2, gas)→IM3 14.83 3.43 0.84 −12.19
IM3+ OH•→IM4+ P2 11.97 −20.99 15.07 −16.88
P2→HNO+ H2O −43.81 −44.86
Tab.3  Relative energies of metformin oxidation with OH• in gas and liquid phase, respectively
Fig.5  Effect of metformin on DTT consumption rate and OH radical generation for PM2.5 and PM10. Samples were collected from Shandong, including haze and non-haze days.
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