Critical roles of chemokines and cytokines in antiviral innate immune responses during rabies virus infection

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2016116

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2017, Vol. 4

Issue (3) : 260-267 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2016116

REVIEW

Critical roles of chemokines and cytokines in antiviral innate immune responses during rabies virus infection

Ying HUANG¹, Clement Wesley GNANADURAI¹, Zhenf ang FU^1,²(

)

¹. Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
². State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

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Abstract

The innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral invasion and pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines have a critical function in the innate immune responses against virus infections. The ability of a rabies virus (RABV) to induce the expression of chemokines and cytokines can lead to viral clearance from the central nervous system (CNS), whereas the ability to evade such expression and activation contributes to virulence and pathogenicity. In this review, the crucial contribution of chemokines/cytokines to clearing RABV from the CNS is discussed, including recruiting leukocytes into the CNS, enhancement of blood brain barrier permeability and activation of various immune cells that are essential for viral clearance. In addition, recombinant RABV expressing cytokines and chemokines can induce elevated innate and adaptive immune responses which result in clearing an established wild-type RABV infection in the CNS.

Keywords antiviral blood brain barrier chemokines and cytokines innate immunity rabies virus

Corresponding Author(s): Zhenfang FU

Just Accepted Date: 29 November 2016 Online First Date: 19 December 2016 Issue Date: 12 September 2017

Cite this article:

Ying HUANG,Clement Wesley GNANADURAI,Zhenfang FU. Critical roles of chemokines and cytokines in antiviral innate immune responses during rabies virus infection[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2017, 4(3): 260-267.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2016116
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2017/V4/I3/260

Tab.1 The functions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines involved in rabies virus infection

Fig.1 The mechanism of blood brain barrier (BBB) enhancement by neural expression of CXCL10 induced by laboratory-attenuated rabies virus (RABV). 1, Laboratory-attenuated RABV-infected neurons secrete chemokine, CXCL10; 2, CXCL10 mediates the recruitment of CD4⁺ T cells into the CNS; 3, CXCL10 mediates the differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells into Th1 and Th 17 cells; 4a, IFN-g secreting Th1 cells could further boost the induction of CXCL10 through positive feedback; 4b, IL-17 secreting Th17 cells alters the TJ (Tight junction) proteins resulting in BBB breakdown. This figure was adapted from reference^[66^].

Fig.2 The functions of cytokines and chemokines in rabies virus infection

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