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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 9 Issue (1) : 98-109    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021389
REVIEW
HEMIPTERAN-TRANSMITTED PLANT VIRUSES: RESEARCH PROGRESS AND CONTROL STRATEGIES
Haijian HUANG, Junmin LI, Chuanxi ZHANG(), Jianping CHEN()
State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China and Zhejiang Province), Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Abstract

• Research findings on the insect-virus interaction

• Influences of immunity, feeding and microorganisms on virus transmission

• Latest applications for virus control strategies

About 80% of plant viruses are transmitted by specific insect vectors, especially hemipterans with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Many virus-transmitting insects are also important crop pests that cause considerable losses in crop production. This review summarizes the latest research findings on the interactions between plant viruses and insect vectors and analyzes the key factors affecting insect transmission of plant viruses from the perspectives of insect immunity, insect feeding, and insect symbiotic microorganisms. Additionally, by referring to the latest applications for blocking the transmission of animal viruses, potential control strategies to prevent the transmission of insect-vectored plant viruses using RNAi technology, gene editing technology, and CRISPR/Cas9+ gene-driven technology are discussed.
Keywords control strategies      feeding      immunity      insect vector      microorganism      plant virus     
Corresponding Author(s): Chuanxi ZHANG,Jianping CHEN   
Just Accepted Date: 16 March 2021   Online First Date: 13 April 2021    Issue Date: 17 January 2022
 Cite this article:   
Haijian HUANG,Junmin LI,Chuanxi ZHANG, et al. HEMIPTERAN-TRANSMITTED PLANT VIRUSES: RESEARCH PROGRESS AND CONTROL STRATEGIES[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(1): 98-109.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2021389
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2022/V9/I1/98
Virus Family/Genus Plant host Hemipteran vector Transmission mode
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) Luteoviridae, Luteovirus, (+)ssRNA Barley, oats, wheat, etc. > 25 aphid species Persistent-nonpropagative
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) Caulimoviridae, Caulimovirus, dsDNA Radish, cauliflower, cabbage, etc. Brevicoryne brassicae Nonpersistent
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Bromoviridae, Cucumovirus, (+)ssRNA Cucumber, spinach, pepper, etc. > 60 aphid species Nonpersistent
Maize mosaic rhabdovirus (MMV) Rhabdoviridae, Nucleorhabdovirus, (−)ssRNA Maize, teosinte, itchgrass, etc. Peregrinus maidis Persistent-propagative
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) Luteoviridae, Polerovirus, (+)ssRNA Potato Aphis fabae,
Aphis gossypii,
Aulacorthumsolani,
Macrosiphum euphorbiae,
Myzus persicae		 Persistent-nonpropagative
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) Reoviridae, Fijivirus, dsRNA Rice, wheat, maize, etc. Laodelphax striatellus,
Unkanodes sapporona,
Unkanodoes albifascia,		 Persistent-propagative
Rice dwarf virus (RDV) Reoviridae, Phytoreovirus, dsRNA Rice Nephotettix cincticeps,
Recilia dorsalis,
Nephotettix virescens,
Nephotettix nigropictus		 Persistent-propagative
Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) Reoviridae, Phytoreovirus, dsRNA Rice Nephotettix nigropictus,
Nephotettix cincticeps,
Recilia dorsalis		 Persistent-propagative
Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) Reoviridae, Oryzavirus, dsRNA Rice Nilaparvata lugens, Persistent-propagative
Rice stripe virus (RSV) Phenuiviridae, Tenuivirus, (−)ssRNA Rice, wheat, maize Laodelphax striatellus,
Unkanodes sapporona,
Unkanodoes albifascia,
Terthron albovittatum		 Persistent-propagative,
Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) Reoviridae, Fijivirus, dsRNA Rice, maize, Chinese sorghum, etc. Sogatella furcifera Persistent-propagative,
Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) Geminiviridae, Begomovirus, ssDNA Tomato, tobacco, petunias, etc. Bemisia tabaci Persistent-propagative
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) Geminiviridae, Begomovirus, ssDNA Tomato, eggplants, potatoes, etc. Bemisia tabaci Persistent-propagative
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) Potyviridae, Potyvirus, (+)ssRNA Turnip, lettuce, watercress, etc. > 89 aphid species Nonpersistent
Tab.1  Plant viruses addressed in this review
Fig.1  Key factors affecting insect transmission of plant viruses. Influences of insect immunity, insect feeding behavior, insect salivary effectors and insect symbiotic microorganisms on viral transmission are discussed in this review.
Fig.2  Schematic representation of antiviral response pathway in vector insects. Five pathways, comprising siRNA, autophagy, JAK-STAT, Toll and IMD, are illustrated. (1) siRNA pathway: viral dsRNA is recognized by Dicer-2, and processed into siRNAs. The siRNAs are loaded onto the RNA interference silencing complex (RISC) that contains argonaute 2 (Ago2), then recognize and cleave target viral RNA. (2) Autophagy pathway: the transmembrane receptor Toll-7 recognizes the viral components and induces autophagy. It might be negatively regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt kinase pathway. (3) JAK-STAT pathway: activation of the JAK-STAT pathway upon virus infection is likely mediated by binding of a cytokine of the unpaired (Upd) to their receptor, dome. Then, the JAK-tyrosine kinase hopscotch mediates the recruitment of Stat92E. After Jak-mediated phosphorylation, Stat92E proteins dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and regulate corresponding genes. (4) Toll pathway: recognition of Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and viruses by pattern recognition receptors resulted in proteolytic maturation of Spätzle (Spz). The cleaved Spz binds to Toll, which further recruits three death domain-containing adapter proteins MyD88, Tube and Pelle. Then, Cactus is phosphorylated, and induces the translocation of the Rel transcriptional factors, Dif and Dorsal, to the nucleus. (5) IMD pathway: recognition of Gram-negative bacteria and viruses by transmembrane receptors PGRP-LCs resulted in signal transduction to the IMD, which is localized in the cytoplasm. IMD activation recruits dFADD that recruits a caspase, DREDD. Activation of DREDD resulted in polyubiquitination of IMD. Then, TAK1 binds to the polyubiquitin chain and is responsible for the assembly and activation of the IKK complex (IKK-β and IKK-g). Phosphorylation of Relish is mediated by IKK complex, which is further cleaved by DREDD. The N-terminal DNA binding domain of Relish translocates to the nucleus and regulates transcription of corresponding genes.
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