Biochar-compost-based controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer intended for an active microbial community

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2024571

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 11

Issue (2) : 326-343 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2024571

Biochar-compost-based controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer intended for an active microbial community

Robiul Islam RUBEL¹, Lin WEI¹(

), Salman ALANAZI¹, Abdulkarim ALDEKHAIL¹, Anne C. M. CIDREIRA¹, Xufei YANG¹, Sanjita WASTI², Samarthya BHAGIA³, Xianhui ZHAO³

¹. Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
². Tickle College of Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
³. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA

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Abstract

● Biochar-compost-based controlled-release urea fertilizer (BCRUF) pellets with an active microbial community were successfully synthesized.

● The releasing time of 80% N in BCRUF was 4–6 h in the water and 192 h (8 days) in soil.

● Processing parameters of BCRUF fabrication was influencing the microbe populations in the pellets.

● The BCRUF showed very promising characteristics to improve NUE and sustainability in agricultural production.

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers in agriculture suffer losses by volatilization of N to the air, surface runoff and leaching into the soil, resulting in low N use efficiency (NUE) ( $\lt$ 50%) and raising severe environmental pollutions. Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers (CRNFs) can control the release of N nutrients to NUE in crop production. Different methods were used to develop new CRNFs. However, different CRNF technologies are still underdeveloped due to inadequate controlling on N releasing time and/or unsustainable diffusion. The study on the influences of CRNF processing parameters on microbial conditions are lacking when the CRNFs composed of various bio-ingredients such as biochar, composts, and biowaste. The complexity of processing methods, material biodegradability, and other physical properties make current CRNFs of questionable value in agricultural production. This research aims to develop a novel biochar-compost-based controlled-release urea fertilizer (BCRUF) to preserve microbial properties carried by the compost. The BCRUF was synthesized by pelletizing the 50:50 (dry, wt/wt) mixture of biochar and compost. BCRUF was loaded with urea and then spray-coated with polylactic acid (PLA). The releasing time of two types of BCRUFs, coated and uncoated with PLA, for 80% of N release in water was up to 6 h at three different temperatures (4, 23, and 40 °C), compared to conventional urea fertilizer and commercial environmentally smart N (ESN) fertilizer. The releasing time of coated BCRUF for 80% N release in soil was up to 192 h (8 days). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that no new functional groups were found in the release solution, indicating no new chemical hazards generated. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests also verified that its thermal stability could be up to 160 °C. The microbe populations in the BCRUF pellets were reduced after the pelleting and drying processes in BCRUF fabrication, but a few bacteria can endure in the air-drying process. BCRUF pellets soaked in water for 4 days retained some bacteria. The BCRUF showed very promising characteristics to improve NUE and sustainability in agricultural production.

Keywords Soil microbial community biochar compost controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer polylactic acid spray coating.

Corresponding Author(s): Lin WEI

Online First Date: 03 June 2024 Issue Date: 13 June 2024

Cite this article:

Robiul Islam RUBEL,Lin WEI,Salman ALANAZI, et al. Biochar-compost-based controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer intended for an active microbial community[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2024, 11(2): 326-343.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2024571
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2024/V11/I2/326

Fig.1 Flow chart of the BCRUF-making process using urea, biochar (BC) and compost (Com). BC and Com were mixed initially and kept for microbial growth, and then urea was combined with the mixture. The air-dried mixture was pelletized to make BCRUF.

Fig.2 Schematic of the leaching test column. The column had a coarse layer below 380 mm of test loam. A water bottle was inverted at the top of the column to apply 250 mm of precipitation by dripping.

Fig.3 Differential scanning calorimetry spectrum of polylactic acid solution showing the melting point above 150 °C and thermal decomposition initiated after 300 °C and ended at 370 °C.

Fig.4 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum for spray solution material spectra showing absorption bands of polylactic acid (PLA). The bands at 870 cm⁻¹ attributed to the carbon-carbon bonds in the PLA backbone, methyl group vibration at 2944 cm⁻¹, and sharp peaks related to carboxyl group vibration in 1740, 1093, and 1182 cm⁻¹.

Fig.5 Strength of the BCRUF-WOC and BCRUF-WC in comparison to ESN. The strengths of the BCRUF-WOC and BCRUF-WC are not significantly different, but they are significantly stronger from ESN.

Fig.6 Nitrogen release characteristics at three temperatures: (a) room temperature (23 ± 2 °C), (b) 4 °C, and (c) 40 °C. The release rate of BCRUF-WOC and BCRUF-WC at 4 °C was slower than at room temperature and 40 °C.

Fig.7 Nitrogen release characteristics in the soil leaching test. The soil columns were rinsed every 4 days. BCRUF-WC controlled-release 8 days for 80% of the total N release.

Fig.8 Water absorption of test fertilizers at room temperature. Urea and ESN (environmentally smart nitrogen) absorbed moisture quickly compared to the WCRUF-WOC and BCRUF-WC.

Fig.9 Water retention of soil with and without BCRUF pellets at room temperature.

Fig.10 Soil surface and subsurface biodegradability for the BCRUF-WOC and BCRUF-WC pellets. The weight-based biodegradability in the case of soil burial was faster than in the surface test.

Fig.11 SEM images of the BCRUF-WC at (a, b) × 300, (c) × 400 magnification, and (d) × 600 magnification

Fig.12 Spectrum obtained by FTIR for biochar, compost, and urea used for making BCRUF. No new chemical compound formed through the preparation process indicates a safer use of BCRUFs in agriculture.

Fig.13 Differential scanning calorimetry analysis for the (a) urea, (b) ESN, (c) BCRUF-WOC, and (d) BCRUF-WC.

Microorganisms	Compost	BCRUF-WOC
Fungi (µg·g⁻¹)	317 $±$ 253	11 $±$ 24
Bacteria (µg·g⁻¹)	880 $±$ 147	211 $±$ 11
Actinobacteria (µg·g⁻¹)	2.38 $±$ 1.73	1.46 $±$ 1.36
Fungi:Bacteria	0.36	0.05
Protozoa (total, × 10³)	603 $±$ 177	16 $±$ 36
Flagellates (µg·g⁻¹)	16304 $±$ 36457	0
Amoebae (mg·g⁻¹)	587 $±$ 167	16 $±$ 36

Tab.1 Status of the microorganism after the fertilizer making processes

Microorganisms	Without soaking		With four days of soaking
Microorganisms	BCRUF-WOC	BCRUF-WC	BCRUF-WOC	BCRUF-WC
Fungi (µg·g⁻¹)	0	0	0	0
Bacteria (µg·g⁻¹)	73.3 $±$ 51.7	176 $±$ 84	337 $±$ 87	337 $±$ 66
Actinobacteria (µg·g⁻¹)	0	0	3.05	2.78
Fungi:Bacteria	0	0	0	0
Protozoa (Total)	0	0	0	0
Flagellates (µg·g⁻¹)	0	0	0	0
Amoebae (µg·g⁻¹)	0	0	0	0

Tab.2 Status of the microorganism after air drying (< 1% moisture) and coating

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