EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2020375

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 8

Issue (1) : 159-174 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020375

RESEARCH ARTICLE

EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

Solomon Tulu TADESSE^1,²(

), Oene OENEMA³, Christy van BEEK⁴, Fikre Lemessa OCHO¹

¹. Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
². Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
³. Wageningen Environmental Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁴. SoilCares Foundation, Nieuwe Kanaal 7c, 6709 PA Wageningen, the Netherlands.

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Abstract

• Livestock manure was the main organic waste in urban and peri-urban areas.

• Manure production will increase by a factor of 3–10 between 2015–2050.

• Only 13%–38% of excreted N by livestock will be recycled in croplands.

• Intensification of urban livestock production greatly increased N surpluses.

• Reducing population growth and increasing livestock productivity needed.

Urban population growth is driving the expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in developing countries. UPA is providing nutritious food to residents but the manures produced by UPA livestock farms and other wastes are not properly recycled. This paper explores the effects of four scenarios: (1) a reference scenario (business as usual), (2) increased urbanization, (3) UPA intensification, and (4) improved technology, on food-protein self-sufficiency, manure nitrogen (N) recycling and balances for four different zones in a small city (Jimma) in Ethiopia during the period 2015-2050. An N mass flow model with data from farm surveys, field experiments and literature was used. A field experiment was conducted and N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values differed among the five types of composts derived from urban livestock manures and kitchen wastes. The N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values were used in the N mass flow model.

Livestock manures were the main organic wastes in urban areas, although only 20 to 40% of animal-sourced food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14 to 19% of protein intake by residents was animal-based. Scenarios indicate that manure production in UPA will increase 3 to 10 times between 2015 and 2050, depending on urbanization and UPA intensification. Only 13 to 38% of manure N will be recycled in croplands. Farm-gate N balances of UPA livestock farms will increase to>1 t·ha⁻¹ in 2050. Doubling livestock productivity and feed protein conversion to animal-sourced food will roughly halve manure N production.

Costs of waste recycling were high and indicate the need for government incentives. Results of these senarios are wake-up calls for all stakeholders and indicate alternative pathways.

Keywords compost food self-sufficiency livestock production nitrogen balance nitrogen use efficiency scenario analysis

Corresponding Author(s): Solomon Tulu TADESSE

Just Accepted Date: 08 January 2021 Online First Date: 02 March 2021 Issue Date: 29 March 2021

Cite this article:

Solomon Tulu TADESSE,Oene OENEMA,Christy van BEEK, et al. EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 159-174.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2020375
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2021/V8/I1/159

Tab.1 Characteristics of the four circular zones of Jimma, Ethiopia in 2015 (after Tadesse et al.^[¹⁹^])

Tab.2 Summary overview of the main variables of the scenarios (variants) explored in this study

Fig.1 Simulated changes in the number of people in the various zones in Jimma between 2015 and 2050 for (A) Reference (BAU) scenario, and (B) Urbanization (URBAN) scenario (See Tab.2 for assumptions).

Fig.2 Simulated changes in the self-sufficiency of crop production, to cover the demands for plant food and animal feed in the various zones in Jimma between 2015 and 2050 for four scenarios: (a) BAU, (b) URBAN, (c) UPALP, and (d) TECH (see Table 2 for assumptions). Self-sufficiency is defined here as the ratio of domestic production to total consumption (or demand); the latter is assumed to be equal to domestic production plus net imports. Self-sufficiency was 100% for the whole area in 2015, using the data presented in Table 1, and assuming a net protein intake of 17.6 kg·capita⁻¹·yr⁻¹, with 14% animal-sourced food.

Fig.3 Simulated changes in the total production of household wastes (kitchen and sewage) and animal manures from livestock in different zones of Jimma, Ethiopia for 2015 to 2050 in four scenarios: (a) BAU, (b) URBAN, (c) UPALP, and (d) TECH (see Tab.2 for assumptions). There was no livestock production in the city center.

Fig.4 Calculated amounts of nitrogen (Gg) in kitchen wastes, sewage wastes, cattle manures and chicken manures that will be produced, collected, composted, and recycled as compost in Jimma, Ethiopia in 2050 in four scenarios: (a) BAU, (b) URBAN, (c) UPALP, and (d) TECH (see Tab.2 for assumptions).

Fig.5 Simulated changes in the total cost of collection, composting and transport of kitchen wastes and animal manures in different recycling zones of Jimma, Ethiopia for 2015 to 2050 in four scenarios: (a) BAU, (b) URBAN, (c) UPALP, and (d) TECH (see Table 2 for assumptions). METB=Million Ethiopian Birr.

Fig.6 Fertilizer N replacement values of composts from different sources, as derived from the results of the field experiments in Jimma, Ethiopia, in which the composts were applied at low and high application rates.

Fig.7 Simulated changes in the N input-output balance of agriculture in different zones of Jimma, Ethiopia for 2015 to 2050 in four scenarios: (a) BAU, (b) URBAN, (c) UPALP, and (d) TECH (see Tab.2 for assumptions).

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[3]	Cathryn A. O'SULLIVAN, Elliott G. DUNCAN, Margaret M. ROPER, Alan E. RICHARDSON, John A. KIRKEGAARD, Mark B. PEOPLES. ROOT EXUDATES FROM CANOLA EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION INHIBITION AND ARE EFFECTIVE IN INHIBITING AMMONIA OXIDATION IN SOIL[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(2): 177-186.
[4]	Sha WEI, Zhiping ZHU, Jing ZHAO, David R. CHADWICK, Hongmin DONG. POLICIES AND REGULATIONS FOR PROMOTING MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN CHINA: A REVIEW[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 45-57.
[5]	David R. CHADWICK, John R. WILLIAMS, Yuelai LU, Lin MA, Zhaohai BAI, Yong HOU, Xinping CHEN, Thomas H. MISSELBROOK. Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(1): 45-55.
[6]	Xinquan ZHAO, Liang ZHAO, Qi LI, Huai CHEN, Huakun ZHOU, Shixiao XU, Quanmin DONG, Gaolin WU, Yixin HE. Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2018, 5(1): 1-8.
[7]	Jianchang YANG. Approaches to achieve high grain yield and high resource use efficiency in rice[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2015, 2(2): 115-123.

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