Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-7505

ISSN 2095-977X(Online)

CN 10-1204/S

Postal Subscription Code 80-906

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 2 Issue (2) : 115-123    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2015055
REVIEW
Approaches to achieve high grain yield and high resource use efficiency in rice
Jianchang YANG()
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
 Download: PDF(746 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

This article discusses approaches to simultaneously increase grain yield and resource use efficiency in rice. Breeding nitrogen efficient cultivars without sacrificing rice yield potential, improving grain fill in later-flowering inferior spikelets and enhancing harvest index are three important approaches to achieving the dual goal of high grain yield and high resource use efficiency. Deeper root distribution and higher leaf photosynthetic N use efficiency at lower N rates could be used as selection criteria to develop N-efficient cultivars. Enhancing sink activity through increasing sugar-spikelet ratio at the heading time and enhancing the conversion efficiency from sucrose to starch though increasing the ratio of abscisic acid to ethylene in grains during grain fill could effectively improve grain fill in inferior spikelets. Several practices, such as post-anthesis controlled soil drying, an alternate wetting and moderate soil drying regime during the whole growing season, and non-flooded straw mulching cultivation, could substantially increase grain yield and water use efficiency, mainly via enhanced remobilization of stored carbon from vegetative tissues to grains and improved harvest index. Further research is needed to understand synergistic interaction between water and N on crop and soil and the mechanism underlying high resource use efficiency in high-yielding rice.

Keywords rice      nitrogen-efficient cultivar      grain fill      harvest index      nitrogen use efficiency      water use efficiency     
Corresponding Author(s): Jianchang YANG   
Just Accepted Date: 28 May 2015   Online First Date: 18 June 2015    Issue Date: 25 September 2015
 Cite this article:   
Jianchang YANG. Approaches to achieve high grain yield and high resource use efficiency in rice[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2015, 2(2): 115-123.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2015055
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2015/V2/I2/115
Fig.1  Responses in grain yield (a) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (b) of inbred and super rice cultivars to five nitrogen application rates. Vertical bars represent±standard error of the mean ( n = 4) where these exceed the size of the symbol. Data are adapted from Liu et al.[ 21] and Fan[ 22].
Agronomic and physiological traits Index
Grain yield/(t·hm −2 ) ≥9.5
N uptake/(kg·hm −2 ) ≥140.0
Internal N use efficiency/(kg·kg −1 ) ≥67.0
Apparent recovery efficiency of N fertilizer/(%) ≥34.8
Agronomic N use efficiency/(kg·kg −1 ) ≥19.5
Shoot biomass at heading/(t·hm −2 ) 9.9−10.3
Crop growth rate from panicle initiation to maturity/(g·m −2 ·d −1 ) ≥14.5
Specific leaf N content at heading/(g·m −2 ) 2.2−2.3
Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency at heading/(µmol·g −1 ·s −1 ) ≥10.5
Root biomass in 10.1−20.0?cm soil layer at heading/(g·m −2 ) 44.5−46.5
Root length at heading/(km·m −2 ) 24.2−26.5
Root length density at heading/(cm·cm −3 ) 12.8−14.2
Root oxidation activity at heading/(µg α-NA·g −1 ·DWh −1 ) 450.0−500.0
Nonstructural carbohydrate in the stem at heading/(g·m −2 ) ≥285.0
Nonstructural carbohydrate remobilization during grain filling/% 57.5−58.5
Tab.1  Agronomic and physiological indices for N-efficient rice at the N rate of 200??kg·hm −2
Fig.2  Mean filled grain percentage (a) and grain weight (b) in superior and inferior spikelets for 20 super rice and 20 standard rice cultivars. Vertical bars represent±standard error of the mean ( n = 60) where these exceed the size of the symbol. Different letters above the column indicate statistical significance at the P = 0.05 level. Data are adapted from Yang et al.[ 26], Yang[ 35] and Fu[ 36].
Fig.3  The technique and mechanism involved in improvement in grain fill in inferior spikelets through increasing sugar-spikelet-ratio at the heading time
Fig.4  The technique and mechanism involved in the improvement in grain fill in inferior spikelets through increasing the ratio of abscisic acid (ABA) to ethylene in the grains during the grain filling period
Cultivar Biomass/(t·hm −2 ) Grain yield/(t·hm −2 ) Harvest index Water use efficiency/(kg·m −3 ) §
Yangdao 6 18.27d ＃ 8.77c 0.48e 0.78e
19.05b 9.04c 0.50d 0.81d
18.66c 9.52b 0.51cd 0.82cd
18.54c 9.64b 0.52bc 0.84c
18.84c 9.98b 0.53b 0.87b
19.64a 10.81a 0.55a 0.91a
IIyou 084 23.18a 9.32c 0.40c 0.77c
23.69a 9.71c 0.41c 0.79c
21.88b 11.59b 0.53b 0.83b
21.86b 12.01a 0.55a 0.95a
Tab.2  Above-ground biomass, grain yield, harvest index and water use efficiency of rice *
Crop management techniques Key points of the techniques Main agronomic and physiological mechanisms involved References
Post-anthesis controlled soil drying Soil water potential is kept −15 to −20?kPa at 15−20?cm depth from 7 days after anthesis to maturity Enhancing remobilization of NSC from stems to grains by regulating enzymes in the stems and grains [19,61−64]
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying during the growing season Except at the stages of re-greening, meiosis and flowering, at which plants are well-watered, fields are not irrigated until soil water potential reached −10 to −15?kPa at 15−20?cm depth Reducing redundant vegetative growth at early and mid growth stages and enhancing grain fill through balance among hormones during the grain filling period [ 19, 65− 67]
Non-flooded straw mulching cultivation Wheat or rice straw is used to cover the soil. Fields are only flooded during the re-greening. Water (380−440?kL·hm −2 ) is applied to plants at each stage of mid-tillering, booting, flowering, and early grain fill if soil water potential reached −25?kPa at 15−20?cm depth Improving canopy structure, maintaining high root activity and enhancing sink activity during the grain filling period [ 19, 68− 71]
Tab.3  Crop management techniques for increasing harvest index in rice
1 N K Fageria . Yield physiology of rice . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 2007 , 30 ( 6 ): 843 – 879
https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510701374831
2 S B Peng , Q Y Tang , Y B Zou . Current status and challenges of rice production in China . Plant Production Science , 2009 , 12 ( 1 ): 3 – 8
https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.12.3
3 S Peng , R J Buresh , J Huang , X Zhong , Y Zou , J Yang , G Wang , Y Liu , R Hu , Q Tang , K Cui , F Zhang , A Dobermann . Improving nitrogen fertilization in rice by site-specific N management. A review . Agronomy for Sustainable Development , 2010 , 30 ( 3 ): 649 – 656
https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010002
4 Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations (FAO). . FAOSTAT Databases . Agricultural Production. Rome: FAO, 2014
5 F Zhang , X Chen , P Vitousek . Chinese agriculture: an experiment for the world . Nature , 2013 , 497 ( 7447 ): 33 – 35
https://doi.org/10.1038/497033a pmid: 23636381
6 Y G Xue , H Duan , L J Liu , Z Q Wang , J C Yang , J H Zhang . An improved crop management increases grain yield and nitrogen and water use efficiency in rice . Crop Science , 2013 , 53 ( 1 ): 271 – 284
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.06.0360
7 F S Zhang , M S Fan . Basic research for high-yielding cultivation and high use efficiency of resources in main food crops . Beijing : China Agriculture Press , 2013 ( in Chinese )
8 J H Guo , X J Liu , Y Zhang , J L Shen , W X Han , W F Zhang , P Christie , K W T Goulding , P M Vitousek , F S Zhang . Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands . Science , 2010 , 327 ( 5968 ): 1008 – 1010
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182570 pmid: 20150447
9 X Chen , Z Cui , M Fan , P Vitousek , M Zhao , W Ma , Z Wang , W Zhang , X Yan , J Yang , X Deng , Q Gao , Q Zhang , S Guo , J Ren , S Li , Y Ye , Z Wang , J Huang , Q Tang , Y Sun , X Peng , J Zhang , M He , Y Zhu , J Xue , G Wang , L Wu , N An , L Wu , L Ma , W Zhang , F Zhang . Producing more grain with lower environmental costs . Nature , 2014 , 514 ( 7523 ): 486 – 489
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13609 pmid: 25186728
10 K Katsura , S Maeda , T Horie , T Shiraiwa . Analysis of yield attributes and crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu, a hybrid rice recently bred in China . Field Crops Research , 2007 , 103 ( 3 ): 170 – 177
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.06.001
11 D Normile . Agricultural research . Reinventing rice to feed the world . Science , 2008 , 321 ( 5887 ): 330 – 333
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.321.5887.330 pmid: 18635770
12 B G Li , S Q Peng . Report on agricultural water use during 1998−2007 in China . Beijing : China Agriculture Press , 2009 ( in Chinese )
13 J Qin , F Hu , B Zhang , Z Wei , H Li . Role of straw mulching in non-continuously flooded rice cultivation . Agricultural Water Management , 2006 , 83 ( 3 ): 252 – 260
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.01.001
14 X Lu , L Wu , L Pang , Y Li , J Wu , C Shi , F Zhang . Effects of plastic film mulching cultivation under non-flooded condition on rice quality . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 2007 , 87 ( 2 ): 334 – 339
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2729
15 J Zheng , Y G Li , Z Z Han . Sino-US irrigation water use efficiencies of main crops . Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agriculture Engineering , 2008 , 24 ( 11 ): 46 – 50 ( in Chinese )
16 K G Cassman . Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 1999 , 96 ( 11 ): 5952 – 5959
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.5952 pmid: 10339523
17 K G Cassman , A Dobermann , D T Walters . Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management . Ambio , 2002 , 31 ( 2 ): 132 – 140
pmid: 12078002
18 S Yoshida . Physiological aspects of grain yield . Annual Review of Plant Physiology , 1972 , 23 ( 1 ): 437 – 464
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.23.060172.002253
19 J Yang , J Zhang . Grain filling of cereals under soil drying . The New Phytologist , 2006 , 169 ( 2 ): 223 – 236
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01597.x pmid: 16411926
20 S Peng , J Huang , X Zhong , J Yang , G Wang , Y Zou , F Zhang , Q Zhu , R Buresh , C Witt . Challenge and opportunity in improving fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China . Agricultural Sciences in China , 2002 , 1 ( 7 ): 776 – 785
21 L J Liu , K J Wang , J L Bian , Y W Xiong , L Chen , Z Q Wang , J C Yang . Differences in yield response to nitrogen fertilizer among rice cultivars and their relationship with root morphology and physiology . Acta Agronomica Sinica , 2014 , 40 ( 11 ): 1999 – 2007
22 M M Fan . Variations of nitrogen use efficiency among rice varieties and their physiological mechanism . Dissertation for the Master Degree . Yangzhou : Yangzhou University , 2012 ( in Chinese )
23 C Ju , R J Buresh , Z Wang , H Zhang , L Liu , J Yang , J Zhang . Root and shoot traits for rice varieties with higher grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency at lower nitrogen rates application . Field Crops Research , 2015 , 175 : 47 – 55
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.02.007
24 T Kato , K Takeda . Associations among characters related to yield sink capacity in space-planted rice . Crop Science , 1996 , 36 ( 5 ): 1135 – 1139
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X003600050011x
25 T Kato , D Shinmura , A Taniguchi . Activities of enzymes for sucrose-starch conversion in developing endosperm of rice and their association with grain filling in extra-heavy panicle types . Plant Production Science , 2007 , 10 ( 4 ): 442 – 450
https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.10.442
26 J Yang , J Zhang . Grain-filling problem in ‘super’ rice . Journal of Experimental Botany , 2010 , 61 ( 1 ): 1 – 5
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp348 pmid: 19959608
27 S Peng , K G Cassman , S S Virmani , J Sheehy , G S Khush . Yield potential trends of tropical since the release of IR8 and its challenge of increasing rice yield potential . Crop Science , 1999 , 39 ( 6 ): 1552 – 1559
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.3961552x
28 S H Cheng , J Y Zhuang , Y Y Fan , J H Du , L Y Cao . Progress in research and development on hybrid rice: a super-domesticate in China . Annals of Botany , 2007 , 100 ( 5 ): 959 – 966
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm121 pmid: 17704538
29 S Peng , G S Khush , P Virk , Q Tang , Y Zou . Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential . Field Crops Research , 2008 , 108 ( 1 ): 32 – 38
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.04.001
30 J Yang , S Peng , Z Zhang , Z Wang , R M Visperas , Q Zhu . Grain and dry matter yields and partitioning of assimilates in japonica/indica hybrids . Crop Science , 2002 , 42 ( 3 ): 766 – 772
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.0766
31 H Ao , S Wang , Y Zou , S Peng , Q Tang , Y Fang , Y Chen , C Xiong , A Xiao . Study on yield stability and dry matter characteristics of super hybrid rice . Scientia Agricultura Sinica , 2008 , 41 ( 7 ): 1927 – 1936 ( in Chinese )
32 P K Mohapatra , R Patel , S K Sahu . Time of flowering affects grain quality and spikelet partitioning within the rice panicle . Australian Journal of Plant Physiology , 1993 , 20 ( 2 ): 231 – 242
https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9930231
33 J Yang , S Peng , R M Visperas , A L Sanico , Q Zhu , S Gu . Grain filling pattern and cytokinin content in the grains and roots of rice plants . Plant Growth Regulation , 2000 , 30 ( 3 ): 261 – 270
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006356125418
34 L P Yuan . Recent progress in breeding super hybrid rice in China . In: S S Virmani , C X Mao , B Harby . eds. Hybrid rice for food security, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection . Philippines : International Rice research Institute , 2003
35 J Yang . Mechanism and regulation in the filling of inferior spikelets of rice . Acta Agronomica Sinica , 2010 , 36 ( 12 ): 2011 – 2019 ( in Chinese )
36 J Fu . Yield formation physiology and cultivation regulation in super rice . Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree . Yangzhou : Yangzhou University , 2012
37 Y Nakamura , K Yuki . Changes in enzyme activities associated with carbohydrate metabolism during development of rice endosperm . Plant Science , 1992 , 82 ( 1 ): 15 – 20
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(92)90003-5
38 J Fu , H Huang , Z Wang , J Yang , J Zhang . Pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate reserve in the stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice . Field Crops Research , 2011 , 123 ( 2 ): 170 – 182
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.05.015
39 J Yang , J Zhang , Z Huang , Z Wang , Q Zhu , L Liu . Correlation of cytokinin levels in the endosperms and roots with cell number and cell division activity during endosperm development in rice . Annals of Botany , 2002 , 90 ( 3 ): 369 – 377
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf198 pmid: 12234149
40 J Yang , J Zhang , Z Wang , Q Zhu . Hormones in the grains in relation to sink strength and postanthesis development of spikelets in rice . Plant Growth Regulation , 2003 , 41 ( 3 ): 185 – 195
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GROW.0000007503.95391.38
41 J Yang , J Zhang , K Liu , Z Wang , L Liu . Abscisic acid and ethylene interact in wheat grains in response to soil drying during grain filling . The New Phytologist , 2006 , 171 ( 2 ): 293 – 303
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01753.x pmid: 16866937
42 J Yang , J Zhang , Z Wang , K Liu , P Wang . Post-anthesis development of inferior and superior spikelets in rice in relation to abscisic acid and ethylene . Journal of Experimental Botany , 2006 , 57 ( 1 ): 149 – 160
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj018 pmid: 16330527
43 Z Zhang , G Chu , L Liu , Z Wang , X Wang , H Zhang , J Yang , J Zhang . Mid-season nitrogen application strategies for rice varieties differing in panicle size . Field Crops Research , 2013 , 150 ( 1 ): 9 – 18
44 H Zhang , H Li , L Yuan , Z Wang , J Yang , J Zhang . Post-anthesis alternate wetting and moderate soil drying enhances activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in inferior spikelets of rice . Journal of Experimental Botany , 2012 , 63 ( 1 ): 215 – 227
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err263 pmid: 21926094
45 T Chen , Y Xu , J Wang , Z Wang , J Yang , J Zhang . Polyamines and ethylene interact in rice grains in response to soil drying during grain filling . Journal of Experimental Botany , 2013 , 64 ( 8 ): 2523 – 2538
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert115 pmid: 23606413
46 Z Wang , Y Xu , T Chen , H Zhang , J Yang , J Zhang . Abscisic acid and the key enzymes and genes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in rice spikelets in response to soil drying during grain filling . Planta , 2015 , 241 ( 5 ): 1091 – 1107
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2245-0 pmid: 25589060
47 B A M Bouman . A conceptual framework for the improvement of crop water productivity at different spatial scales . Agricultural Systems , 2007 , 93 ( 1−3 ): 43 – 60
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2006.04.004
48 J W Kijne , R Barker , D Molden . Water productivity in agriculture: limits and opportunities for improvement . Wallingford : CABI Publishing , 2002
49 J W Kijne , T P Tuong , J Bennett , B A M Bouman , T Oweis . Ensuring food security via crop water productivity improvement . In: Background Papers—Challenge program for food and water . Colonbo : CGIAR-IWMI , 2003
50 W Ehlers , M Goss . Water dynamics in plant production . Wallingford : CABI Publishing, CAB International , 2003
51 J Zhang , J Yang . Crop yield and water use efficiency . In: M A Bacon . ed. Water use efficiency in plant biology . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing , 2004
52 F Li , J Yu , M Nong , S Kang , J Zhang . Partial root-zone irrigation enhanced soil enzyme activities and water use of maize under different ratios of inorganic to organic nitrogen fertilizers . Agricultural Water Management , 2010 , 97 ( 2 ): 231 – 239
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.09.014
53 J Yang , J Zhang . Crop management techniques to enhance harvest index in rice . Journal of Experimental Botany , 2010 , 61 ( 12 ): 3177 – 3189
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq112 pmid: 20421195
54 C S Bueno , T Lafarge . Higher crop performance of rice hybrids than of elite inbreds in the tropics: 1. Hybrids accumulate more biomass during each phenological phase . Field Crops Research , 2009 , 112 ( 2−3 ): 229 – 237
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.03.006
55 J Ju , Y Yamamoto , Y L Wang , Y H Shan , G C Dong , A Miyazaki , T Yoshida . Genotypic differences in dry matter accumulation, nitrogen use efficiency and harvest index in recombinant inbred lines of rice under hydroponic culture . Plant Production Science , 2009 , 12 ( 2 ): 208 – 216
https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.12.208
56 J Yang , J Zhang , Z Huang , Q Zhu , L Wang . Remobilization of carbon reserves is improved by controlled soil-drying during grain filling of wheat . Crop Science , 2000 , 40 ( 6 ): 1645 – 1655
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.4061645x
57 X Y Zhang , S Y Chen , H Y Sun , D Pei , Y M Wang . Dry matter, harvest index, grain yield and water use efficiency as affected by water supply in winter wheat . Irrigation Science , 2008 , 27 ( 1 ): 1 – 10
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0131-2
58 Q F Guo , Q C Wang , L M Wang . Maize production in China . Shanghai : Shanghai Science & Technology Press , 2004 ( in Chinese )
59 K E D'Andrea , M E Otegui , A J de la Vega . Multi-attribute responses of maize inbred lines across managed environments . Euphytica , 2008 , 162 ( 3 ): 381 – 394
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9567-3
60 H Zhang , T T Chen , L J Liu , Z Q Wang , J C Yang , J H Zhang . Performance in grain yield and physiological traits of rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China during the last 60 yr . Journal of Integrative Agriculture , 2013 , 12 ( 1 ): 57 – 66
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60205-1
61 J Yang , J Zhang , L Liu , Z Wang , Q Zhu . Carbon remobilization and grain filling in japonica/indica hybrid rice subjected to post-anthesis water deficits . Agronomy Journal , 2002 , 94 ( 1 ): 102 – 109
https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0102
62 J Yang , J Zhang , Z Wang , L Liu , Q Zhu . Postanthesis water deficits enhance grain filling in two-line hybrid rice . Crop Science , 2003 , 43 ( 6 ): 2099 – 2108
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.2099
63 J Yang , J Zhang , Z Wang , Q Zhu . Activities of starch hydrolytic enzymes and sucrose-phosphate synthase in the stems of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling . Journal of Experimental Botany , 2001 , 52 ( 364 ): 2169 – 2179
pmid: 11604456
64 J Yang , J Zhang , Z Wang , Q Zhu , W Wang . Remobilization of carbon reserves in response to water deficit during grain filling of rice . Field Crops Research , 2001 , 71 ( 1 ): 47 – 55
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00147-2
65 J Yang , K Liu , Z Wang , Y Du , J Zhang . Water-saving and high-yielding irrigation for lowland rice by controlling limiting values of soil water potential . Journal of Integrative Plant Biology , 2007 , 49 ( 10 ): 1445 – 1454
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1672-9072.2007.00555.x
66 H Zhang , Y Xue , Z Wang , J Yang , J Zhang . An alternate wetting and moderate soil drying regime improves root and shoot growth in Rice . Crop Science , 2009 , 49 ( 6 ): 2246 – 2260
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0099
67 H Zhang , T Chen , Z Wang , J Yang , J Zhang . Involvement of cytokinins in the grain filling of rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation . Journal of Experimental Botany , 2010 , 61 ( 13 ): 3719 – 3733
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq198 pmid: 20584789
68 Z Zhang , S Zhang , J Yang , J Zhang . Yield, grain quality and water use efficiency of rice under non-flooded mulching cultivation . Field Crops Research , 2008 , 108 ( 1 ): 71 – 81
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.03.004
69 G Xu , J Zhang , H Lam , Z Wang , J Yang . Hormonal changes are related to poor grain filling in the inferior spikelets of rice cultivated under non-flooded and mulched condition . Field Crops Research , 2007 , 101 ( 1 ): 53 – 61
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.09.008
70 G Xu , Z Zhang , J Zhang , J Yang . Much improved water use efficiency of rice under non-flooded mulching cultivation . Journal of Integrative Plant Biology , 2007 , 49 ( 10 ): 1527 – 1534
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1672-9072.2007.00558.x
71 Z Zhang , Y Xue , Z Wang , J Yang , J Zhang . The relationship of grain filling with abscisic acid and ethylene under non-flooded mulching cultivation . Journal of Agricultural Science , 2009 , 147 ( 2 ): 423 – 436
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859609008557
[1] Jianlin SHEN, Yong LI, Yi WANG, Yanyan LI, Xiao ZHU, Wenqian JIANG, Yuyuan LI, Jinshui WU. SOIL NITROGEN CYCLING AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE SUBTROPICAL HILLY REGION OF CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(3): 407-424.
[2] Tom MISSELBROOK, Zhaohai BAI, Zejiang CAI, Weidong CAO, Alison CARSWELL, Nicholas COWAN, Zhenling CUI, David CHADWICK, Bridget EMMETT, Keith GOULDING, Rui JIANG, Davey JONES, Xiaotang JU, Hongbin LIU, Yuelai LU, Lin MA, David POWLSON, Robert M. REES, Ute SKIBA, Pete SMITH, Roger SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, John WILLIAMS, Lianhai WU, Minggang XU, Wen XU, Fusuo ZHANG, Junling ZHANG, Jianbin ZHOU, Xuejun LIU. PROGRESS ON IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY: UK-CHINA VIRTUAL JOINT CENTERS ON NITROGEN AGRONOM[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(3): 475-489.
[3] Cathryn A. O'SULLIVAN, Elliott G. DUNCAN, Margaret M. ROPER, Alan E. RICHARDSON, John A. KIRKEGAARD, Mark B. PEOPLES. ROOT EXUDATES FROM CANOLA EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION INHIBITION AND ARE EFFECTIVE IN INHIBITING AMMONIA OXIDATION IN SOIL[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(2): 177-186.
[4] Qiangming XIA, Wei WANG, Kaidong XIE, Xiaomeng WU, Xiuxin DENG, Jude W. GROSSER, Wenwu GUO. UNREDUCED MEGAGAMETOPHYTE FORMATION VIA SECOND DIVISION RESTITUTION CONTRIBUTES TO TETRAPLOID PRODUCTION IN INTERPLOIDY CROSSES WITH ‘ORAH’ MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA)[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(2): 302-313.
[5] Solomon Tulu TADESSE, Oene OENEMA, Christy van BEEK, Fikre Lemessa OCHO. EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 159-174.
[6] Kai WANG, Qunfeng ZHOU, Tianze YAN, Shilong XU, Longyi ZHAO, Weicheng WANG, Zhigang JIN, Peng QIN, Chenjian FU, Liangbi CHEN, Yuanzhu YANG. Characterization of grain cadmium concentration in indica hybrid rice[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(4): 523-529.
[7] William J. DAVIES, Susan E. WARD, Alan WILSON. Can crop science really help us to produce more better-quality food while reducing the world-wide environmental footprint of agriculture?[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(1): 28-44.
[8] Shaoqing DU, Ling TONG, Shaozhong KANG, Fusheng LI, Taisheng DU, Sien LI, Risheng DING. Alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high irrigation frequency improves root growth and reduces unproductive water loss by apple trees in arid north-west China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2018, 5(2): 188-196.
[9] Jiakun YAN, Suiqi ZHANG. Effects of dwarfing genes on water use efficiency of bread wheat[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2017, 4(2): 126-134.
[10] La ZHUO, Arjen Y. HOEKSTRA. The effect of different agricultural management practices on irrigation efficiency, water use efficiency and green and blue water footprint[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2017, 4(2): 185-194.
[11] Heshui XU, Dengyun LI, Bo ZHU, Kai ZHANG, Yadong YANG, Chen WANG, Ying JIANG, Zhaohai ZENG. CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from double-rice cropping system as affected by Chinese milk vetch and straw incorporation in southern China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2017, 4(1): 59-68.
[12] Xiying ZHANG,Wenli QIN,Juanna XIE. Improving water use efficiency in grain production of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain: a review[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2016, 3(1): 25-33.
[13] Hui RAN,Shaozhong KANG,Fusheng LI,Ling TONG,Taisheng DU. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on hybrid maize seed production in north-west China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2016, 3(1): 55-64.
[14] Shihua CHENG,Xiaodeng ZHAN,Liyong CAO. Breeding strategies for increasing yield potential in super hybrid rice[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2015, 2(4): 277-282.
[15] Kailou LIU,Yazhen LI,Huiwen HU. Estimating the effect of urease inhibitor on rice yield based on NDVI at key growth stages[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2014, 1(2): 150-157.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed