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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

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Front Chem Sci Eng    2012, Vol. 6 Issue (4) : 470-483    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-012-1217-1
REVIEW ARTICLE
Progress of three-dimensional macroporous bioactive glass for bone regeneration
Lijun JI1(), Yunfeng SI1, Ailing LI2, Wenjun WANG1, Dong QIU2(), Aiping ZHU1
1. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China; 2. Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Abstract

Bioactive glasses (BGs) are ideal materials for macroporous scaffolds due to their excellent osteoconductive, osteoinductive, biocompatible and biodegradable properties, and their high bone bonding rates. Macroporous scaffolds made from BGs are in high demand for bone regeneration because they can stimulate vascularized bone ingrowth and they enhance bonding between scaffolds and surrounding tissues. Engineering BG/biopolymers (BP) composites or hybrids may be a good way to prepare macroporous scaffolds with excellent properties. This paper summarizes the progress in the past few years in preparing three-dimensional macroporous BG and BG/BP scaffolds for bone regeneration. Since the brittleness of BGs is a major problem in developing macroporous scaffolds and this limits their use in load bearing applications, the mechanical properties of macroporous scaffolds are particularly emphasized in this review.
Keywords bioactive glass      biopolymer      bone regeneration      macroporous scaffolds      tissue engineering     
Corresponding Author(s): JI Lijun,Email:ljji@yzu.edu.cn; QIU Dong,Email:dqiu@iccas.ac.cn   
Issue Date: 05 December 2012
 Cite this article:   
Lijun JI,Yunfeng SI,Wenjun WANG, et al. Progress of three-dimensional macroporous bioactive glass for bone regeneration[J]. Front Chem Sci Eng, 2012, 6(4): 470-483.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-012-1217-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2012/V6/I4/470
Fig.1  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of two typical BGs synthesized by a melt-derived method and a sol-gel process respectively: a) melt-derived BG 45S5; b) sol-gel derived BG 70S30C
Fig.1  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of two typical BGs synthesized by a melt-derived method and a sol-gel process respectively: a) melt-derived BG 45S5; b) sol-gel derived BG 70S30C
Fig.1  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of two typical BGs synthesized by a melt-derived method and a sol-gel process respectively: a) melt-derived BG 45S5; b) sol-gel derived BG 70S30C
Fig.1  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of two typical BGs synthesized by a melt-derived method and a sol-gel process respectively: a) melt-derived BG 45S5; b) sol-gel derived BG 70S30C
Fig.1  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of two typical BGs synthesized by a melt-derived method and a sol-gel process respectively: a) melt-derived BG 45S5; b) sol-gel derived BG 70S30C
Fig.1  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of two typical BGs synthesized by a melt-derived method and a sol-gel process respectively: a) melt-derived BG 45S5; b) sol-gel derived BG 70S30C
Fig.2  (a) Picture of gel dried at 120°C (b) Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of gel dried at 120°C (lower) and 450°C (upper) []
Fig.2  (a) Picture of gel dried at 120°C (b) Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of gel dried at 120°C (lower) and 450°C (upper) []
Fig.2  (a) Picture of gel dried at 120°C (b) Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of gel dried at 120°C (lower) and 450°C (upper) []
Fig.2  (a) Picture of gel dried at 120°C (b) Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of gel dried at 120°C (lower) and 450°C (upper) []
Fig.2  (a) Picture of gel dried at 120°C (b) Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of gel dried at 120°C (lower) and 450°C (upper) []
Fig.2  (a) Picture of gel dried at 120°C (b) Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of gel dried at 120°C (lower) and 450°C (upper) []
Fig.3  Composition dependence of bioactive CaO-SiO-PO gel-glasses. Triangle HA formation, filled black circle no HA formation, star dissolution []
Fig.3  Composition dependence of bioactive CaO-SiO-PO gel-glasses. Triangle HA formation, filled black circle no HA formation, star dissolution []
Fig.3  Composition dependence of bioactive CaO-SiO-PO gel-glasses. Triangle HA formation, filled black circle no HA formation, star dissolution []
Fig.3  Composition dependence of bioactive CaO-SiO-PO gel-glasses. Triangle HA formation, filled black circle no HA formation, star dissolution []
Fig.3  Composition dependence of bioactive CaO-SiO-PO gel-glasses. Triangle HA formation, filled black circle no HA formation, star dissolution []
Fig.3  Composition dependence of bioactive CaO-SiO-PO gel-glasses. Triangle HA formation, filled black circle no HA formation, star dissolution []
Fig.4  -X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF) element mapping of a 210 × 210 μm zone of the BG after heat treatment at 120°C []
Fig.4  -X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF) element mapping of a 210 × 210 μm zone of the BG after heat treatment at 120°C []
Fig.4  -X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF) element mapping of a 210 × 210 μm zone of the BG after heat treatment at 120°C []
Fig.4  -X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF) element mapping of a 210 × 210 μm zone of the BG after heat treatment at 120°C []
Fig.4  -X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF) element mapping of a 210 × 210 μm zone of the BG after heat treatment at 120°C []
Fig.4  -X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF) element mapping of a 210 × 210 μm zone of the BG after heat treatment at 120°C []
CompositionPreparation methodImproved property or added functionRef.
MgO, K2O, Na2O, CaO, B2O3, P2O5, SiO2MeltingLarge working range[29]
AgO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, CaO, SiO2, P2O5, CaF2MeltingAntibacterial[38]
SiO2, CaO, ZnOSol-gelEnhanced specific surface area[39]
SiO2, CaO, P2O5, ZnOSol-gelEnhanced specific surface area[40]
MgO, CaO, SiO2, P2O5, CaF2MeltingMechanical properties[42,43]
Tab.1  Species of bioactive glasses for the preparation of scaffolds
BiopolymerMethod of treatmentTensile strength /MPaElastic modulus /MPaRef.
Chitosan film-1.4-892.7-4.1 × 103[50,52,54-57]
Chitosan filmPlasticization10-7460-364[50,52]
Chitosan/PVA/PCL/PLA filmsBlending0.5-732-470[52,54,55,57]
Chitosan/EHMPTMA/EHAIPN compounding29-[58]
Tab.2  Mechanical properties of chitosan materials
BiopolymerMethod of treatmentTensile strength/MPaElastic modulus /MPaRef.
Collagen matrices and films-20-92.51.16 × 103-2.0 × 103[59,60,62,65,68]
Collagen gel-0.130.4-0.6[66,67]
Collagen matrices and filmsCrosslinking10.1-77.91.12 × 103-2.5 × 103[62,65,68]
Collagen gelCrosslinking-2.1-8.0[66,67]
Tab.3  Mechanical properties of collagen materials
BiopolymerMethod of treatmentTensile strength/MPaElastic modulus/MPaRef.
Gelatin film-1.7-154.6 × 10-2-3.5 × 103[71,73-75,78]
Gelatin/ PHEMACompounding-8.0 × 10-2[74]
Gellan/gelatinCompounding10-60-[79]
Gelatin filmCrosslinking80-963.3 × 103-3.7 × 103[72]
Gelatin filmUniaxial stretching-0.5 × 102-2.5 × 102[76]
Gelatin filmPlasticization20.4-1302.5 × 102-2.1 × 103[82-84]
Tab.4  Mechanical properties of gelatin materials
Bioactive glassPreparation methodPore size/μmCompressive strength/MPaElastic modulus/MPaRef.
SiO2, P2O5, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2OPU sponge template100-5001[30]
SiO2, P2O5, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, CaF, Ag>1002[38]
SiO2, P2O5, CaO, Na2O510-7200.3-0.4[90]
Na2O, K2O, MgO, CaO, SiO2, P2O5, B2O3200-50010[91]
SiO2, P2O5, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2OPhase separation6-12016-1804 × 103-25 × 103[31]
SiO2, CaOFoam synthesis500; 1002.26[87]
SiO2, CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, MgO, CaF2Polymer particle template>10020[94]
SiO2, P2O5, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2OFreeze extrusion3001405 × 103-6 × 103[106]
Tab.5  Preparation methods, pore size and mechanical properties of typical macroporous BG scaffolds
Bioactive glassBiopolymerPreparation methodPore size/μmCompressive strength/MPaElastic modulus/MPaRef.
MgO, CaO, SiO2, P2O5, CaF2(AW GC)ChitosanPU sponge template100-5003.11[93]
SiO2, CaO, P2O5PHBSalt particle250-300[99]
SiO2, NaO, P2O5, CaO (45S5)PUSalt particle100-400[100]
SiO2, CaO, P2O5GelatinPhase separation200-50050-80[101]
SiO2, CaO, P2O5PLLA*10-4000.358[102]
SiO2, CaO, P2O5, MgOPLLA113, 1490.75, 0.6511,7[103]
SiO2, NaO, P2O5, CaO (45S5)PCL100-3000.20.251[104]
Tab.6  Preparation methods, pore size and mechanical properties of typical macroporous BG/BP scaffolds
Fig.5  Graphical representation of SAXS data for a foam immersed in SBF as a function of time []
Fig.5  Graphical representation of SAXS data for a foam immersed in SBF as a function of time []
Fig.5  Graphical representation of SAXS data for a foam immersed in SBF as a function of time []
Fig.5  Graphical representation of SAXS data for a foam immersed in SBF as a function of time []
Fig.5  Graphical representation of SAXS data for a foam immersed in SBF as a function of time []
Fig.5  Graphical representation of SAXS data for a foam immersed in SBF as a function of time []
Fig.6  Types of BG/BP blend and hybrid structures: (a) BP is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (b) BG is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (c) BG and BP both form continuous phases; (d) BG/BP hybrid without phase separation
Fig.6  Types of BG/BP blend and hybrid structures: (a) BP is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (b) BG is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (c) BG and BP both form continuous phases; (d) BG/BP hybrid without phase separation
Fig.6  Types of BG/BP blend and hybrid structures: (a) BP is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (b) BG is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (c) BG and BP both form continuous phases; (d) BG/BP hybrid without phase separation
Fig.6  Types of BG/BP blend and hybrid structures: (a) BP is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (b) BG is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (c) BG and BP both form continuous phases; (d) BG/BP hybrid without phase separation
Fig.6  Types of BG/BP blend and hybrid structures: (a) BP is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (b) BG is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (c) BG and BP both form continuous phases; (d) BG/BP hybrid without phase separation
Fig.6  Types of BG/BP blend and hybrid structures: (a) BP is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (b) BG is dominant and forms a continuous phase in the blend; (c) BG and BP both form continuous phases; (d) BG/BP hybrid without phase separation
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