Bismuth oxide-related photocatalysts in green nanotechnology: A critical analysis

doi:10.1007/s11705-018-1744-5

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (4) : 878-892 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-018-1744-5

REVIEW ARTICLE

Bismuth oxide-related photocatalysts in green nanotechnology: A critical analysis

Andrea P. Reverberi¹(

), P.S. Varbanov², M. Vocciante¹, B. Fabiano³

¹. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Genoa University, 16146 Genoa, Italy
². Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
³. Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School, Genoa University, 16145 Genoa, Italy

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Abstract

A survey addressing the uses of bismuth oxide in photocatalysis is presented. The richness of literature on such a specific topic proves the growing importance of this compound as a valid tool in pollution abatement and environmental decontamination. Many research groups have focused their activity on how to improve the photocatalytic properties of this semiconductor and several solutions have been adopted in the synthesis method, often based on wet-chemical processes. The impressive development of nanoscience helped in understanding and identifying process variables and operative conditions aiming at optimizing the yield of this promising photocatalytic material in the utilization of solar energy.

Keywords photocatalysis visible light bismuth compounds nanotechnology environmental remediation decontamination pollution abatement

Corresponding Author(s): Andrea P. Reverberi

Just Accepted Date: 14 May 2018 Online First Date: 13 September 2018 Issue Date: 03 January 2019

Cite this article:

Andrea P. Reverberi,P.S. Varbanov,M. Vocciante, et al. Bismuth oxide-related photocatalysts in green nanotechnology: A critical analysis[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(4): 878-892.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-018-1744-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2018/V12/I4/878

Fig.1 Uses of Bi compounds in nanotechnology

Fig.2 Schemes of electron-hole pair generation by photoexcitation. (a) Production of an electron-hole pair in a phase; (b) Electron and hole transfer across an heterojunction between phases; (c) Electron jump and hole formation between shallow traps in a single phase. VBM and CBM are valence and conduction band minima levels, respectively.

Compound	Synthesis	Form and properties	Light type	Pollutant type; C_in = initial pollutant conc.; C_ph = photocatalyst conc.; max % removal	Ref.
Bi₂O₃ (25% Eu)	Sol-gel; calcination at 300–600°C	Microsized plates; E_g = 2.75–2.98 eV; (1.17–1.57) m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 450 W	PH C_in = 5 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 5 g·L⁻¹ 71% (1 h)	[⁴⁰]
α-, β-Bi₂O₃ (1%–4% La,1%–3% Ce)	Hydrothermal; calcination at 300°C	Nanosheets; E_g = 2.55–2.98 eV; (11.5–21.0) m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 300 W	AO-II C_in = 30 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 0.625 g·L⁻¹ 72% (1 h)	[⁴¹]
α-, β-Bi₂O₃ (2%–4% Pr)	Hydrothermal; calcination at 500°C	Microsized plates; E_g = 2.33–2.35 eV	Visible light; 1000 W	RhB; 2-4 DCP C_in(RhB) = 10⁻⁵ mol·L⁻¹ C_in(2-4 DCP) = 20 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 50% (RhB, 1 h) 18% (2-4 DCP, 1 h)	[⁴²]
α-Bi₂O₃ (Co) Co/Bi= 0.05 molar ratio	Hydrothermal; calcination at 500°C	Nanosheets, nanoplates; E_g = 1.94–2.21 eV	Direct sunlight	MB C_in = 5 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1.5 g·L⁻¹ 58% (1 h)	[⁴³]
δ-Bi₂O₃ (0.8% Cu)	Sol-gel; impregnation on Bi₂O₃; drying at 100°C	Hierarchical flower-like nanosheets; E_g = 2.57 eV	Visible light; UV-A; UV-B; UV-C	AT C_in = 5 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 6% (vis. light, 1 h) 32% (UV-A, 1 h) 38% (UV-B, 1 h) 27% (UV-C, 1 h)	[¹⁸]
α-, β-Bi₂O₃ (Cu); Cu/Bi= (0–0.02) molar ratio	Sol-gel, glass substrate; drying 100°C; annealing 550°C	Nanosized surface on glass; E_g (direct) = 2.94–2.99 eV	Visible light; 500 W	RhB C_in = 10 mg·L⁻¹ catalyst area= 2.5 cm² 88% (1 h)	[⁴⁴]
α-Bi₂O₃ (0–4% La, 0–1.2% Er)	Sol-gel; drying at 80°C	Nanorods; E_g = 2.42–2.55 eV; (16.1–39.9) m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 500 W	AY-29, CBBG-250, AG-25 C_in(AY-29) = 0.25 mmol·L⁻¹; C_in(CBBG-250) = 0.05 mmol·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1.2 g·L⁻¹ 77% (AY-29, 1 h); 84% (CBBG-250, 1 h); 75% (AG-25, 1 h)	[⁴⁵]
β-Bi₂O₃ (Gd); Gd/Bi= (0–0.04) molar ratio	Hydrothermal; drying at 60°C; calcination at 375°C	Porous microspheres; E_g = 2.20–2.26 eV; (6.2–15.1) m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 300 W	MO, RhB, PH C_in(MO) = 10 mg·L⁻¹ C_in(RhB) = 10 mg·L⁻¹ C_in(PH) = 0.1 mmol·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 87.5% (MO, 20 min) 9% (RhB, 20 min) 17% (PH, 20 min)	[⁴⁶]
α-, β-, δ-Bi₂O₃ (Y) Y/Bi= (0–0.15) molar ratio	Hydrothermal; calcination at 500°C	Nanosized clusters; E_g= 2.03-–2.68 eV; (2.48–5.76) m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 100 W	MO C_in = 20 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 95.1% (1h)	[¹⁷]
β-Bi₂O₃ (1% Au)	Solvothermal dissociation; annealing at 270°C; chemical reduction	Agglomerated nanoclusters; E_g (0% Au) = 2.77 eV; 14.9 m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 300 W	SA C_in = 25 mmol·L⁻¹ C_ph = 0.2 g·L⁻¹ 16% (1 h)	[⁴⁷]
α-Bi₂O₃ (Se)	Chemical precipitation; drying at 60°C	Same structure as α-Bi₂O₃ ; E_g = 2.73 eV	Visible light; 100 mW·cm⁻²	MB C_in = 0.01mmol·L⁻¹ C_ph = 50 mg·L⁻¹ 45% (1 h)	[⁴⁸]
β-Bi₂O₃ (Fe) Fe/Bi= (0–0.05) molar ratio	Hydrothermal; calcination at 375°C	Nanoparticles agglomerated in microspheres; E_g = 1.67–2.14 eV (12.6–16.9) m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 400 W	MO C_in = 10 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 86% (1 h)	[⁴⁹]
α-, β-Bi₂O₃ (Dy) Dy/Bi= (0–0.04) molar ratio	Sol-gel; calcination at 500°C	Nanocrystals; E_g = 2.23–2.27 eV; (1.74–2.15) m²·g⁻¹	UV light; 30W	MO C_in = 10 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 31.5% (1 h)	[⁵⁰]
α-Bi₂O₃ (Ag) Ag/Bi= (0–0.09) molar ratio	Co-precipitation; drying at 90°C; annealing at 500°C	Nanosheets; E_g = 2.25–2.59 eV	Visible light; 500 W	MO C_in = 20 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 28% (1 h)	[⁵¹]
α-Bi₂O₃ (0–10% Sr)	Hydrothermal; drying at room temperature	Nanosheets, nanocrystals; E_g = 2.75–2.85 eV	Visible light 250 W	MB C_in = 0.022 mmol·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 62% (1h)	[⁵²]
β-Bi₂O₃ (0.5%–4% Ag)	Hydrothermal; thermolysis of (BiO)₂CO₃ at 360°C; Ag impregnation	Nanosheets assembled in microspheres; E_g = 2.22–2.34 eV	Visible light; 400 W	RhB C_in = 10 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 50% (1 h)	[⁵³]
α-Bi₂O₃ (Ag-Ti-Si)	Solvothermal; annealing at 550°C	Nanoporous microspheres; E_g = 2.51–2.72 eV;	UV and visible light; 500 W (vis)	TCS C_in = 5 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ >99% UV (30 min) >99% vis (30 min)	[⁵⁴]
α-, β-Bi₂O₃ (Au)	Hydrothermal; calcination at 200–500°C; Au deposited by sputtering	Nanoflowers	Visible light; 500 W	Rh6G C_in = 25 mg·L⁻¹ C_ph = 0.4 g·L⁻¹ 87% (30 min; pH= 2.5)	[⁵⁵]
α-, β-Bi₂O₃ (0.5%–2% Sm)	Hydrothermal; calcination at 550°C	Powder with nanosized crystallites; E_g = 2.0–2.21 eV; (6.0–11.0) m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 1.3·10⁵ lux	MB, PH C_in(MB) = 50 mg·L⁻¹ C_in(PH) = 0.1 mmol·L⁻¹ C_ph (MB) = 1 g·L⁻¹ C_ph (PH) = 3 g·L⁻¹ 69% (MB, 1 h) 39% (PH, 1 h)	[⁵⁶]
α-Bi₂O₃ (1%–9% S)	Chemical precipitation; calcination at 350°C	Microsized rods	Visible light; 375 W	RhB C_in = 0.02 mmol·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1.86 g·L⁻¹/L 13% (1 h)	[⁵⁷]
α-Bi₂O₃ (F) F/Bi= (0–0.3) molar ratio	Chemical precipitation; solvothermal process; calcination at 300°C	Microsized rods; E_g = 2.69–2.74 eV; (0.39–0.80) m²·g⁻¹	Visible light; 300 W	MO C_in = 0.04 mmol·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1 g·L⁻¹ 65% (1 h)	[⁵⁸]
α-Bi₂O₃ (N, S)	Chemical precipitation; calcination at 300°C under NH₃	Crystalline powder	Visible light; 350 W	RhB C_in = 0.02 mmolo·L⁻¹ C_ph = 1.25 g·L⁻¹ 13% (S-doped, 1 h) 10% (N-doped, 1 h)	[⁵⁹]

Tab.1 List of papers concerning investigations about doped-Bi₂O₃^a)

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3	LYu, SRuan, XXu, RZou, JHu. One-dimensional nanomaterial-assembled macroscopic membranes for water treatment. Nano Today, 2017, 17: 79–95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2017.10.012
4	VPascariu, O Avadanei, PGasner, IStoica, A P Reverberi, LMitoseriu. Preparation and characterization of PbTiO 3-epoxy resin compositionally graded thick films. Phase Transitions, 2013, 86(7): 715–725 https://doi.org/10.1080/01411594.2012.726727
5	JWang, HGu. Novel metal nanomaterials and their catalytic applications. Molecules, 2015, 20(9): 17070–17092 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200917070 pmid: 26393550
6	MMehring. From molecules to bismuth oxide-based materials: Potential homo- and heterometallic precursors and model compounds. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2007, 251(7-8): 974–1006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2006.06.005
7	JKoziorowski, A E Stanciu, VGómez-Vallejo, JLlop. Radiolabeled nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Anti-cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 2017, 17(3): 333–354 https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520616666160219162902 pmid: 26899184
8	X DZhang, JChen, YMin, G B Park, XShen, S SSong, Y MSun, HWang, W Long, JXie, KGao, LZhang, SFan, F Fan, UJeong. Metabolizable Bi2Se3 nanoplates: Biodistribution, toxicity, and uses for cancer radiation therapy and imaging. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24(12): 1718–1729 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201302312
9	PDebbage, W Jaschke. Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: giant roles for dwarf actors. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2008, 130(5): 845–875 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-008-0511-y pmid: 18825403
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14	EPalazzi, C Caviglione, A PReverberi, BFabiano. A short-cut analytical model of hydrocarbon pool fire of different geometries, with enhanced view factor evaluation. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2017, 110: 89–101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.08.021
15	A MAbu-Dief, W S Mohamed. α-Bi2O3 nanorods: Synthesis, characterization and UV-photocatalytic activity. Materials Research Express, 2017, 4(3): 035039 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa6712
16	SDing, JNiu, YBao, L Hu. Evidence of superoxide radical contribution to demineralization of sulfamethoxazole by visible-light-driven Bi2O3/Bi2O2CO3/Sr6Bi2O9 photocatalyst. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 262: 812–818 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.048 pmid: 24140532
17	XLiu, HDeng, WYao, Q Jiang, JShen. Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Y-doped Bi2O3. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2015, 651: 135–142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.08.068
18	HSudrajat. Cu(II)/Bi2O3 photocatalysis for toxicity reduction of atrazine in water environment under different light wavelengths. Environmental Processes, 2017, 4(2): 439–449 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-017-0241-z
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21	MDrache, P Roussel, J PWignacourt. Structures and oxide mobility in Bi-Ln-O materials: Heritage of Bi2O3. Chemical Reviews, 2007, 107(1): 80–96 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050977s pmid: 17212471
22	JXie, LLi, CTian, C Han, DZhao. Template-free synthesis of hierarchical constructed flower-like d-Bi2O3 microspheres with photocatalytic performance. Micro & Nano Letters, 2012, 7(7): 651–653 https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.0201
23	SSanna, V Esposito, J WAndreasen, JHjelm, WZhang, TKasama, S B Simonsen, MChristensen, SLinderoth, NPryds. Enhancement of the chemical stability in confined d-Bi2O3. Nature Materials, 2015, 14(5): 500–504 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4266 pmid: 25849531
24	FWang, KCao, QZhang, X Gong, YZhou. A computational study on the photoelectric properties of various Bi2O3 polymorphs as visible-light driven photocatalysts. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 2014, 20(11): 2506 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-014-2506-z pmid: 25381618
25	C HHo, C HChan, Y SHuang, L C Tien, L CChao. The study of optical band edge property of bismuth oxide nanowires α-Bi2O3. Optics Express, 2013, 21(10): 11965–11972 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.011965 pmid: 23736418
26	GZhang, XZhang, YWu, WShi, WGuan. Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of Bi2O3 tubes and photocatalytic properties for antibiotics. Micro & Nano Letters, 2013, 8(4): 177–180 https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2013.0074
27	RYuvakkumar, S IHong. Structural, compositional and textural properties of monoclinic α-Bi2O3 nanocrystals. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2015, 144: 281–286 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.093 pmid: 25770823
28	SIyyapushpam, S T Nishanthi, DPathinettam Padiyan. Synthesis of β-Bi2O3 towards the application of photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and its instability. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2015, 81: 74–78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2015.02.005
29	MSchlesinger, MWeber, SSchulze, M Hietschold, MMehring. Metastable β-Bi2O3 nanoparticles with potential for photocatalytic water purification using visible light irradiation. ChemistryOpen, 2013, 2(4): 146–155 https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201300013 pmid: 24551555
30	YYan, ZZhou, YCheng, L Qiu, CGao, JZhou. Template-free fabrication of α- and β-Bi2O3 hollow spheres and their visible light photocatalytic activity for water purification. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 605: 102–108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.03.111
31	XXiao, RHu, CLiu, C Xing, CQian, XZuo, JNan, LWang. Facile large-scale synthesis of β-Bi2O3 nanospheres as a highly efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of acetaminophen under visible light irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2013, 140–141: 433–443 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.037
32	YQiu, MYang, HFan, Y Zuo, YShao, YXu, XYang, SYang. Nanowires of α- and β-Bi2O3: Phase selective synthesis and application in photocatalysis. CrystEngComm, 2011, 13(6): 1843–1850 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CE00508H
33	JHou, CYang, ZWang, W Zhou, SJiao, HZhu. In situ synthesis of α-β phase heterojunctions on Bi2O3 nanowires with exceptional visible-light photocatalytic performance. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2013, 142–143: 504–511 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.05.050
34	YAstuti, P Arnelli, AFauziyah, SNurhayati, A D Wulansari, RAndianingrum, HWidiyandari, G A Bhaduri. Studying impact of different precipitating agents on crystal sructure, morphology, and photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxide. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 2017, 12(3): 478–484 https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.3.1144.478-484
35	BJia, JZhang, JLuan, F Li, JHan. Synthesis and growth mechanism of various structures Bi2O3 via chemical precipitate method. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics, 2017, 28(15): 11084–11090 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-6893-7
36	YHu, DLi, FSun, Y Weng, SYou, YShao. Temperature-induced phase changes in bismuth oxides and efficient photodegradation of phenol and p-chlorophenol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 301: 362–370 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.008 pmid: 26384997
37	WWang, XChen, GLiu, Z Shen, DXia, P KWong, J CYu. Monoclinic dibismuth tetraoxide: A new visible-light-driven photocatalyst for environmental remediation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015, 176–177: 444–453 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.026
38	SSajjad, S A K Leghari, JZhang. Nonstoichiometric Bi2O3: Efficient visible light photocatalyst. RSC Advances, 2013, 3(5): 1363–1367 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RA22239F
39	YAzizian-Kalandaragh, F Sedaghatdoust-Bodagh, AHabibi-Yangjeh. Ultrasound-assisted preparation and characterization of β-Bi2O3 nanostructures: Exploring the photocatalytic activity against rhodamine B. Superlattices and Microstructures, 2015, 81: 151–160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.12.038
40	SZhong, SZou, XPeng, J Ma, FZhang. Effects of calcination temperature on preparation and properties of europium-doped bismuth oxide as visible light catalyst. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2015, 74(1): 220–226 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-014-3602-3
41	SXue, HHe, QFan, C Yu, KYang, WHuang, YZhou, YXie. La/Ce-codoped Bi2O3 composite photocatalysts with high photocatalytic performance in removal of high concentration dye. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2017, 60: 70–77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.09.022 pmid: 29031448
42	SWu, JFang, WXua, C Cen. Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization of visible-light-driven α-Bi2O3 enhanced by Pr3+ doping. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2013, 88(10): 1828–1835 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4034
43	GViruthagiri, PKannan. Visible light mediated photocatalytic activity of cobalt doped Bi2O3 nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2017 (in press) doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.06.011
44	WQin, JQi, XWu. Photocatalytic property of Cu2+-doped Bi2O3 films under visible light prepared by the sol-gel method. Vacuum, 2014, 107: 204–207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2014.02.003
45	WRaza, D Bahnemann, MMuneer. A green approach for degradation of organic pollutants using rare earth metal doped bismuth oxide. Catalysis Today, 2018, 300: 89–98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.07.029
46	XLuo, GZhu, JPeng, X Wei, MHojamberdiev, LJin, PLiu. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Gd-doped porous β-Bi2O3 photocatalysts under visible light irradiation. Applied Surface Science, 2015, 351: 260–269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.05.137
47	HLim, S BRawal. Integrated Bi2O3 nanostructure modified with Au nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2017, 27(3): 289–296 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2017.04.003
48	RSharma, M Khanuja, S NSharma, O PSinha. Reduced band gap & charge recombination rate in Se doped α-Bi2O3 leads to enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance: Theoretical & experimental insight. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(32): 20638–20648 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.011
49	JLiang, GZhu, PLiu, X Luo, CTan, LJin, JZhou. Synthesis and characterization of Fe-doped β-Bi2O3 porous microspheres with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Superlattices and Microstructures, 2014, 72: 272–282 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.05.005
50	J ZLi, JZhong, JZeng, F Feng, JHe. Feng, He J. Improved photocatalytic activity of dysprosium-doped Bi2O3 prepared by sol-gel method. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 2013, 16(2): 379–384 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2012.09.007
51	YLi, ZZhang, YZhang, X Sun, JZhang, CWang, ZPeng, HSi. Preparation of Ag doped Bi2O3 nanosheets with highly enhanced visible light photocatalytic performances. Ceramics International, 2014, 40(8): 13275–13280 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.037
52	MFaisal, A A Ibrahim, HBouzid, S AAl-Sayari, M S Al-Assiri, A AIsmail. Hydrothermal synthesis of Sr-doped α-Bi2O3 nanosheets as highly efficient photocatalysts under visible light. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2014, 387: 69–75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.02.018
53	GZhu, WQue, JZhang. Synthesis and photocatalytic performance of Ag-loaded β-Bi2O3 microspheres under visible light irradiation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, 509(39): 9479–9486 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.07.046
54	YDai, LYin. Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of Ag-Ti-Si ternary modified α-Bi2O3 nanoporous spheres. Materials Letters, 2015, 142: 225–228 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.12.013
55	HHu, CXiao, XLin, K Chen, HLi, XZhang. Controllable fabrication of heterostructured Au/Bi2O3 with plasmon effect for efficient photodegradation of rhodamine 6G. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2017, 12(1): 33–44 https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2016.1255790
56	J KReddy, B Srinivas, V DDurga Kumari, MSubrahmanyam. Sm3+-doped Bi2O3 photocatalyst prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. ChemCatChem, 2009, 1: 492–496 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.200900189
57	SJiang, LWang, WHao, W Li, HXin, WWang, TWang. Visible-light photocatalytic activity of S-doped α-Bi2O3. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2015, 119: 14094–14101
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