A review on the forward osmosis applications and fouling control strategies for wastewater treatment

doi:10.1007/s11705-021-2084-4

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (5) : 661-680 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2084-4

REVIEW ARTICLE

A review on the forward osmosis applications and fouling control strategies for wastewater treatment

Linwei Zhu¹, Chun Ding¹, Tengyang Zhu¹, Yan Wang^1,²(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
². Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

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Abstract

During the last decades, the utilization of osmotic pressure-driven forward osmosis technology for wastewater treatment has drawn great interest, due to its high separation efficiency, low membrane fouling propensity, high water recovery and relatively low energy consumption. This review paper summarizes the implementation of forward osmosis technology for various wastewater treatment including municipal sewage, landfill leachate, oil/gas exploitation wastewater, textile wastewater, mine wastewater, and radioactive wastewater. However, membrane fouling is still a critical issue, which affects water flux stability, membrane life and operating cost. Different membrane fouling types and corresponding fouling mechanisms, including organic fouling, inorganic fouling, biofouling and combined fouling are therefore further discussed. The fouling control strategies including feed pre-treatment, operation condition optimization, membrane selection and modification, membrane cleaning and tailoring the chemistry of draw solution are also reviewed comprehensively. At the end of paper, some recommendations are proposed.

Keywords forward osmosis wastewater treatment membrane fouling fouling control

Corresponding Author(s): Yan Wang

Online First Date: 10 September 2021 Issue Date: 28 March 2022

Cite this article:

Linwei Zhu,Chun Ding,Tengyang Zhu, et al. A review on the forward osmosis applications and fouling control strategies for wastewater treatment[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(5): 661-680.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-021-2084-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I5/661

Fig.1 Number of publications (journal articles and review papers) related to “FO” and “wastewater treatment” (the data came from Web of Science, based on subject retrieval from 2011 to 2021 with the keywords of “forward osmosis” and “wastewater treatment”, and updated on 7th, June 2021).

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of wastewater treatment with continuous FO process.

Tab.1 Summary of some commercial FO membranes

Tab.2 Summary of common FO draw solutions

Case	System	Feed solution	Draw solution	FO membrane	Pre-treatment	Initial water flux/(L?·m⁻²?h⁻¹)	Final water flux/(L??·m⁻²?h⁻¹)	Operation time	Membrane cleaning	Ref.
A	FO- AnMBR	Simulating municipal wastewater	0.5 mol·L^–1 NaCl (constant)	HTI-CTA	No	9.5	3.5	22 d per cycle, 4 cycles	No	[113]
B	FO-MBR	Synthetic domestic wastewater	0.5 mol·L^–1 NaCl (constant)	HTI-CTA	No	5	3	14 d per cycle, 3 cycles	Osmotic backwashing	[85]
C	MF-FOMBR	Raw municipal wastewater	29 g·L^–1 NaCl (constant)	HTI-CTA,	No	–	–	98 d	No	[114]
D	FO-MD	Landfill leachate	4.82 mol·L^–1 NaCl	HTI-TFC	No	6.29	–	250 min	No	[91]
E	FO-Fenton’s oxidation	Landfill leachate	5 mol·L^–1 NaCl	Aquaporin-TFC	No	5.23	2.46	10 h	No	[19]
F	Calcium pretreatment-FO	Landfill leachate	5 mol·L^–1 NaCl	HTI-CTA	No	2.9	0.1	60 h	No	[115]
G	FO	Drilling waste	260 g·L^–1 NaCl	HTI-CTA	No	14	2	6 h	Osmotic backwashing	[16]
H	FO	Produced water	70 g·L^–1 NaCl	TFC (constant)	Organosilica adsorbent, MF, activated carbon	13.5	12.4	1.8 h	No	[116]
I	FO-RO	Produced water	1 mol·L^–1 NaCl	HTI-CTA	–	3.1	1.0	28 d	Chemical cleaning	[20]
J	MF-FO-MD	Fracking wastewater	4 mol·L^–1 NaCl, 4.6 mol·L^–1 NaP	Nanocomposite TFC, HTI-TFC	MF	18.6 (NaCl), 22 (NaP); 13.4 (NaCl), 22.2 (NaP)	8.4 (NaCl), 13.6 (NaP); 4.1 (NaCl), 9.5 (NaP)	6 h	Physical cleaning	[21]
K	FO	Real textile wastewater	1 mol·L^–1 NaCl, 2 mol·L^–1 MgCl₂, blue dye mixture, and green dye mixture	Aquaporin-TFC	No	13 (2 mol·L^–1 MgCl₂)	9	20 h	Chemical cleaning	[104]
L	FO-coagulation/flocculation	Synthetic textile wastewater	2 mol·L^–1 NaCl	Laboratory-made TFC	No	36	11	167 h	Physically flushing	[105]
M	FO	Acid mine drainage	NH₄HCO₃	Porifera-TFC	No	–	–	–	–	[107]
N	FO-NF	Coalmine water	0.5 mol·L^–1 (NH₄)₂SO₄	HTI-CTA	No	8	1	180 h per cycle, 6 cycles	Physically flushing	[108]
O	FO-RO/NF	Mine brackish groundwater	1 mol·L^–1 Na₂SO₄	Toray-TFC	No	7.02	–	–	–	[109]
P	FO	Radioactive wastewater (Cs(I))	0.5–2 mol·L^–1 NaCl	CTA-NW, CTA-ES, TFC-ES (HTI)	No	CTA-NW (5.4–9.8), CTA-ES (9.7–19.3), TFC-ES (7.7–22.0)	–	3 h	No	[111]

Tab.3 Experimental conditions and results of produced water treatment via FO or FO related process

Fig.3 (a) Schematic of the sampling location on the open membrane envelope and flow patterns of produced water feed (gray arrows) and DS (red arrows) on either sides of the FO membrane and (b) the fouled FO membrane after>600 h of exposure to raw produced water. Reprinted with permission from ref. [20], copyright 2018 Elsevier.

Fig.4 FE-SEM images for (a) pristine membranes, and (b) fouled membranes with raw fracking wastewater as the feed solution and NaP solution as draw solution (Red boxes are the spotted regions for SEM-EDX spectra taking in Fig. 5). Reprinted with permission from ref. [21], copyright 2019 Elsevier.

Fig.5 SEM-EDX spectra of (a,b) virgin membranes, and (c,d) fouled membranes with raw fracking wastewater feed solution and NaP draw solution. Reprinted with permission from ref. [21], copyright 2019 Elsevier.

Fig.6 SEM-EDX observation and analysis of precipitate formed over membrane, when using acid mine drainages as feed and NH₄HCO₃ as draw solution. (a) Image of membrane surface and (b) elemental composition of precipitate. Reprinted with permission from ref. [107], copyright 2018 Elsevier.

Fig.7 Reverse ion flux analysis using 1.0 mol·L^–1 NH₄HCO₃ as draw solution. Feeds used were clean water and 0.1 mol·L^–1 solution of NaCl. Reprinted with permission from ref. [107], copyright 2018 Elsevier.

Fig.8 XRD patterns of virgin and fouled membranes: (a) comparison of XRD peaks between virgin membrane and fouled membranes tested with four different fertilizer draw solution; (b) comparison of XRD peaks between fouled membranes tested with calcium nitrate and CaCO₃ crystal; (c) comparison of XRD peaks between fouled membranes tested with di-ammonium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, and magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite). Reprinted with permission from ref. [124], copyright 2017 Elsevier.

Fig.9 Performance of the FO desalination process on longer run cycles. (a) Variation of water flux with operation time and (b) the variation of water flux with the cumulative volume of water extracted during the batch operation process showing together the baseline fluxes before and after cleaning of the FO membrane and the picture showing algae growth in the feed water tank during the cycle 4 of the operation. Baseline fluxes were conducted using 0.5 mol·L⁻¹ (NH₄)₂SO₄ as draw solution and tap water as feed solution at a feed crossflow rate of 4.2 m³·h^–1. Reprinted with permission from ref. [108], copyright 2016 Elsevier.

Fig.10 SEM images of (a) the fouled membrane surface (i.e., the combined image taken from two different spots) under 10 k magnification, (b) organic-like foulants under 70 k magnification, and (c) scale-like foulants under 70 k magnification. Reprinted with permission from ref. [110], copyright 2018 Elsevier.

Fig.12 SEM images of the membrane barrier layer after FO. (a) Synthetic produced water; (b) produced water pretreated with 2 min EC reaction time; (c) produced water pretreated with 1 min EC reaction time; (d) non-pretreated produced water. Reprinted with permission from ref. [127], copyright 2018 Elsevier.

Fig.13 Feed organic composition effect on the fouling of (a) TFC-control membrane and (b) TFC-poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) membrane. Reprinted with permission from ref. [149], copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.

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