Crystal design of bismuth oxyiodide with highly exposed (110) facets on curved carbon nitride for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in wastewater

doi:10.1007/s11705-021-2116-0

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (7) : 1125-1138 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2116-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Crystal design of bismuth oxyiodide with highly exposed (110) facets on curved carbon nitride for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in wastewater

Jianxin Chen^1,²(

), Yupeng Li¹, Jihui Li^1,², Jian Han^1,², Guijun Zhu¹, Liang Ren¹

¹. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
². National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China

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Abstract

Crystalline materials with specific facet atomic arrangements and crystal facet structures exhibit unique functions according to their facet effects, quantum size effects and physical and chemical properties. In this study, a novel high-exposure (110) facet of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) was prepared (denoted as BiOI-110), and designed as nanosheets rich in oxygen vacancies by crystal facet design and regulation. Graphitic carbon nitride was designed as curved carbon nitride with dibromopyrazine, denoted as DCN, which contributed to a significant structural distortion in plane symmetry and improved the separation of charge carriers. Novel heterostructured BiOI-110/DCN nanosheets with a high-exposure (110) facet and abundant oxygen vacancies were successfully designed to enhance the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. It was demonstrated that complete and tight contact between BiOI-110 and DCN was achieved by changing the size and crystal facet of BiOI. Oxytetracycline (OTC) and methyl blue dyes were used as targets for pollutant degradation, and 85.6% and 96.5% photocatalytic degradation efficiencies, respectively, were observed in the optimal proportion of 7% BiOI-110/DCN. The experimental results and electron spin resonance analysis showed that •O₂^– and h⁺ played a major role in the process of pollutant degradation. Additionally, high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrography was used to identify the reaction intermediates of OTC, and the possible degradation pathway of this pollutant was proposed. Finally, the excellent reusability of BiOI-110/DCN nanomaterials was confirmed, providing a new approach for the removal of antibiotics that are difficult to biodegrade. Overall, crystal facet design has been proven to have broad prospects in improving the water environment.

Keywords high-exposure (110) facet oxygen vacancy-rich BiOI-110/DCN heterojunction photocatalytic degradation visible-light-response

Corresponding Author(s): Jianxin Chen

Online First Date: 15 December 2021 Issue Date: 15 July 2022

Cite this article:

Jianxin Chen,Yupeng Li,Jihui Li, et al. Crystal design of bismuth oxyiodide with highly exposed (110) facets on curved carbon nitride for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in wastewater[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(7): 1125-1138.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-021-2116-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I7/1125

Fig.1 (a) XRD comparison of BiOI-110, BiOI, DCN, and g-C₃N₄; (b) XRD patterns and (c) FTIR spectra of BiOI-110, DCN, and BiOI-110/DCN composites with increasing BiOI-110 contents.

Fig.2 SEM images of (a,b) BiOI-110, (c,d) DCN, and (e,f) the 7% BiOI-110/DCN composites.

Fig.3 TEM images of (a) DCN and (b) 7% BiOI-110/DCN; HRTEM images of (c) BiOI-110/DCN and (d) BiOI-110; (e) SAED image and (f–j) EDX maps of 7% BiOI-110/DCN composites.

Fig.4 XPS spectra of the BiOI-110/DCN composite: (a) C 1s, (b) N 1s, (c) O 1s, (d) Bi 4f, (e) I 3d, and (f) survey of the sample.

Fig.5 (a) N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms and (b) pore size distribution of BiOI-110, DCN and 7% BiOI-110/DCN.

Fig.6 (a) UV-Vis DRS spectra and (b) the band gap energies of DCN, BiOI-110, and BiOI-110/DCN.

Fig.7 Mott-Schottky plots of (a) BiOI-110 and (b) DCN; (c) estimated band structures of BiOI-110 and DCN; (d) PL spectra, (e) photocurrent responses, and (f) EIS spectra of samples under visible light.

Fig.8 (a) Photocatalytic performance of OTC by BiOI and BiOI-110; (b–c) photocatalytic performances of samples for OTC and MB removal; (d) linear transform ln(C₀/C) of the kinetic curves of OTC and MB degradation; (e) photodegradation performance within five cycles for 7% BiOI-110/DCN; and (f) XRD patterns of 7% BiOI-110/DCN nanocomposite before and after photocatalytic reaction.

Fig.9 (a,b) Photocatalytic degradation of OTC by 7% BiOI-110/DCN composite with different scavengers; (c,d) ESR spectra with 7% BiOI-110/DCN for DMPO-•O₂⁻ and DMPO-•OH.

Scheme 1 The possible degradation pathways of OTC by 7% BiOI-110 /DCN under visible light irradiation.

Fig.10 Photo-generated electron-hole pairs separation and transfer mechanism.

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