Petroleum pitch derived hard carbon via NaCl-template as anode materials with high rate performance for sodium ion battery

doi:10.1007/s11705-024-2430-4

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (7) : 73 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-024-2430-4

Petroleum pitch derived hard carbon via NaCl-template as anode materials with high rate performance for sodium ion battery

Baoyu Wu¹, Hao Sun¹, Xiaoxue Li¹, Yinyi Gao¹, Tianzeng Bao², Hongbin Wu², Kai Zhu¹(

), Dianxue Cao¹(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
². Hunan Hongshan New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Yiyang 413000, China

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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have garnered significant interest in energy storage due to their similar working mechanism to lithium ion batteries and abundant reserves of sodium resource. Exploring facile synthesis of a carbon-based anode materials with capable electrochemical performance is key to promoting the practical application of SIBs. In this work, a combination of petroleum pitch and recyclable sodium chloride is selected as the carbon source and template to obtain hard carbon (HC) anode for SIBs. Carbonization times and temperatures are optimized by assessing the sodium ion storage behavior of different HC materials. The optimized HC exhibits a remarkable capacity of over 430 mAh·g^–1 after undergoing full activation through 500 cycles at a density of current of 0.1 A·g^–1. Furthermore, it demonstrates an initial discharge capacity of 276 mAh·g^–1 at a density of current of 0.5 A·g^–1. Meanwhile, the optimized HC shows a good capacity retention (170 mAh·g^–1 after 750 cycles) and a remarkable rate ability (166 mAh·g^–1 at 2 A·g^–1). The enhanced capacity is attributed to the suitable degree of graphitization and surface area, which improve the sodium ion transport and storage.

Keywords petroleum pitch hard carbon sodium-ion batteries high rate recyclable template

Corresponding Author(s): Kai Zhu,Dianxue Cao

Just Accepted Date: 27 February 2024 Issue Date: 28 June 2024

Cite this article:

Baoyu Wu,Hao Sun,Xiaoxue Li, et al. Petroleum pitch derived hard carbon via NaCl-template as anode materials with high rate performance for sodium ion battery[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(7): 73.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-024-2430-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2024/V18/I7/73

Fig.1 A schematic of the synthesis of HC materials from petroleum pitch.

Fig.2 (a) The SEM image of HC1100-10 and its enlarged image; (b) the SEM image of HC1300-10 and its enlarged image; (c) the SEM image of HC1500-10 and its enlarged image; (d) the HRTEM image of HC1100-10; (e) the HRTEM image of HC1300-10; (f) the HRTEM image of HC1500-10; (g) the high-angle annular dark field image (HAADF) and the EDS mappings of C and O elements of HC1500-10.

Fig.3 (a) The XRD patterns of HC at various carbonization temperatures; (b) the XRD patterns of HC at various carbonization times; (c) the Raman spectra of HC at various carbonization temperatures; (d) the Raman spectra of HC at various carbonization times; (e) the XPS survey of HC at various carbonization temperatures; (f) the XPS survey of HC at various carbonization times.

Fig.4 (a) The first lap, initially charge/discharge curves of HC at different carbonization temperatures at 0.1 A·g^–1; (b) the first lap, initially charge/discharge curves of HC at different carbonization times at 0.1 A·g^–1; (c) the contributions to the plateau capacity and the sloping capacity of the HC prepared under the different conditions were in the range of 0.1 A·g^–1; (d) the HC1500-10 cycling performances at 0.1 A·g^–1; (e) the cycling performances of HC at various carbonization temperatures at 0.5 A·g^–1; (f) the cycling performances of HC at various carbonization times at 0.5 A·g^–1; (g) the rate performances of HC at various carbonization temperatures; (h) the rate performances of HC at various carbonization times.

Fig.5 (a) The HC1500-10 CVs at various scanning speeds; (b) the b-value of the anode and cathode peaks on the HC1500-10 log(peak current)-log(scanning rate) diagram; (c) the equivalent circuits and EIS curves of HC at different carbonization temperatures; (d) the equivalent circuits and EIS curves of HC at different carbonization times.

Fig.6 (a) The GITT curve; (b) the variation of the Na⁺ diffusion coefficient with different potentials during discharge are presented; (c) the variation of the Na⁺ diffusion coefficient with different potentials during charge are presented; (d) The selected potential points in ex-situ testing; (e) the ex-situ XRD patterns of HC1500-10.

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