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Frontiers of Earth Science

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Front. Earth Sci.    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (3) : 473-486    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-014-0486-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of mowing on N2O and CH4 fluxes emissions from the meadow-steppe grasslands of Inner Mongolia
Zedong LU,Rui DU(),Pengrui DU,Ziming LI,Zongmin LIANG,Yaling WANG,Saisai QIN,Lei ZHONG
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract

To assess the impacts of mowing on N2O and CH4 fluxes emissions from the meadow-steppe grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China, two regimes were investigated: unmown since 2005 (UM), and mown once every three years since 2009 (M3). On-site measurements were conducted continuously during a year-round period (August 2011 to August 2012). During the observation period, three diurnal cycles were also measured. In addition, a targeted laboratory experiment was conducted to make up for the few measurements in winter. A large pulse of N2O emissions related to freeze-thaw cycles was observed at M3 during the spring thaw. Results showed that the meadow-steppes played a role as a sink for CH4 and a source for N2O. Significantly lower mean CH4 uptake at UM (40.3 μg C·m-2·h-1) as compared to M3 (70.5 μg C ·m-2·h-1) (p<0.01), and significantly higher mean N2O efflux at UM (6.3 μg N·m-2·h-1) as compared to M3 (4.3 μg N·m-2·h-1) (p<0.05) were found. The laboratory experiment results revealed that mowing changed the soil conditions that favor the activity of denitrifiers during thawing periods. The CH4 and N2O fluxes were significantly correlated with soil temperature (p<0.05). Mowing affected CH4 uptake and N2O emission mainly through its effect on vegetation types and some soil properties, such as soil inorganic N content, soil temperature, and soil moisture content, while soil inorganic N and moisture were not leading factors. Our results also suggested that mowing could mitigate the potential global warming in terms of CH4 uptake and N2O emissions.
Keywords mowing      meadow-steppe      methane      nitrous oxide      freeze-thaw cycles      global warming     
Corresponding Author(s): Rui DU   
Just Accepted Date: 17 December 2014   Issue Date: 20 July 2015
 Cite this article:   
Zedong LU,Rui DU,Pengrui DU, et al. Effect of mowing on N2O and CH4 fluxes emissions from the meadow-steppe grasslands of Inner Mongolia[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2015, 9(3): 473-486.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-014-0486-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2015/V9/I3/473
Fig.1  Daily mean (a) air temperature and precipitation, soil temperature at (b) 10 cm and (c) 20 cm depth, and soil moisture at (d) 10 cm and (e) 20 cm soil depth.
Soil depth M3 UM
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Mean May Jun Jul Aug Sep Mean
N H 4 + -N/(mg·kg-1) 0–5 cm 5.24 5.27 5.76 4.08 5.00 5.07 8.65 3.44 5.14 9.14 5.04 6.28
5–10 cm 5.55 4.39 4.27 3.39 4.70 4.46 6.24 4.99 5.22 8.63 4.75 5.97
10–20 cm 4.20 4.76 4.47 3.87 4.89 4.44 6.28 5.63 5.20 4.10 4.84 5.21
N O 3 - -N/(mg·kg-1) 0–5 cm 21.38 20.79 4.20 9.06 23.44 15.77 18.63 23.80 6.99 19.30 15.99 16.94
5–10 cm 7.03 10.57 4.18 5.63 18.51 9.18 7.02 19.31 4.88 15.97 8.89 11.22
10–20 cm 4.80 8.72 5.87 3.67 3.19 5.25 3.68 7.71 4.42 5.60 4.10 5.10
SOM/(g·kg-1) 0–5 cm 80.80 67.71 71.55 62.21 62.94 69.04 73.96 80.67 57.37 68.43 63.66 68.82
5–10 cm 56.16 55.59 50.41 56.35 44.47 52.60 54.03 66.66 60.96 59.33 48.51 57.90
10–20 cm 58.56 39.41 43.66 37.54 37.64 43.36 51.72 48.94 55.78 41.35 41.68 47.89
Tab.1  Main soil characteristics of the different experimental sites
Sites Period Soil temperature/°C Soil moisture/(m3·m?3)
10 cm 20 cm 10 cm 20 cm
M3 Spring 14.51 13.02 0.09** 0.07**
Summer 22.87** 21.54 0.11** 0.08**
Autumn 13.89 13.96 0.11* 0.09
Winter -4.90** -4.11** 0.05** 0.03*
Mean 3.14 3.33 0.07** 0.05**
UM Spring 14.44 13.18 0.15** 0.12**
Summer 22.02** 21.54 0.20** 0.18**
Autumn 12.72 13.00 0.14* 0.11
Winter -7.61** -6.77** 0.08** 0.04*
Mean 1.05 1.48 0.11** 0.08**
Tab.2  Seasonal means of soil temperature and soil moisture at the M3 and UM steppe sites
Fig.2  Aboveground biomass in the M3 and UM steppes.
Fig.3  Diurnal distribution of CH4 uptake fluxes from the M3 and UM steppes in different growth stages: (a) fruiting stage (7–8 August 2011); (b) panicle initiation stage (18–19 June 2012); (c) fruiting stage (10–11 August 2012).
Fig.4  Diurnal distribution of N2O emission fluxes from the M3 and UM steppes in different growth stages: (a) fruiting stage (7–8 August 2011); (b) panicle initiation stage (18–19 June 2012); (c) fruiting stage (10–11 August 2012).
Sites Date CH4 average flux/(μg C·m-2·h-1) Cumulative ratio of CH4 N2O average flux/(μg N·m-2·h-1) Cumulative ratio of N2O
Diurnal Daytime Nighttime Rday./diu. Rnig./diu. Diurnal Daytime Nighttime Rday./diu. Rnig./diu.
M3 Aug. 7–8 -87.6 -94.3 -80.9 54 46 2.6 3.0 2.2 57 43
Jun. 18–19 -75.2 -77.7 -72.6 52 48 0.5 0.6 0.4 60 40
Aug. 10–11 -63.4 -59.1 -67.7 47 53 2.5 2.0 3.0 41 59
UM Aug. 7–8 -32.7 -41.9 -23.5 64 36 3.5 4.6 2.3 66 34
Jun. 18–19 -63.1 -72.1 -54.1 57 43 3.7 4.1 3.3 55 45
Aug. 10–11 -47.3 -44.7 -50.0 47 53 7.6 6.5 8.7 43 57
Tab.3  Average fluxes during the whole day, daytime, and nighttime at the two sites
Fig.5  Daily fluxes of CH4 uptake and N2O emission in the M3 and UM fields.
Fig.6  Seasonal distributions of CH4 uptake and N2O emission in the M3 and UM field.
Fig.7  N2O fluxes (μg·g-1·h-1) along the soil profile (0–15 cm) of the undisturbed soil cores from (a) UM and (b) M3 under different soil temperatures during the entire incubation period; soil layer 1, 12–15 cm; soil layer 2, 9–12 cm; soil layer 3, 6–9 cm; soil layer 4, 3–6 cm; soil layer 5, 0–3 cm.
Sites Total nitrogen/(g·kg-1) N O 3 - -N/(mg·kg-1) N H 4 + -N/(mg·kg-1) SOM/(g·kg-1)
Start End Start End Start End Start End
UM 2.71 2.69 8.32 6.90 4.45 12.12 55.13 53.40
M3 1.86 2.20 11.15 9.14 4.34 12.86 44.87 39.75
Tab.4  Main soil characteristics in the laboratory experiment.
Gases Annual Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Fluxa) Totalb) Accumulationb) Ratioc) Accumulationb) Ratio Accumulationb) Ratio Accumulationb) Ratio
N2O UM 6.3* 0.5 0.07 18 0.09 25 0.12 33 0.26 70
M3 4.3* 0.4 0.03 9 0.06 15 0.08 21 0.20 55
CH4 UM -40.3** -3.5 -0.48 8 -0.79 13 -0.32 5 -1.9 31
M3 -70.5** -6.1 -0.76 12 -1.67 27 -0.86 14 -2.80 46
CO2 UM – 36.1
M3 – -10.3
Tab.5  Fluxes of N2O emissions and CH4 uptake by the meadow-steppe grasslands
Fig.8  Effects of soil temperature at 10 cm and 20 cm depth on N2O emission and CH4 uptake fluxes at the mown site: (a, b) effects of soil temperature on CH4 uptake flux; (c, d) effects of soil temperature on N2O emission flux.
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