Controls on the facies and architecture evolution of a fan delta in Qinghai Lake, China
Di MA1, Xinghe YU1, Shunli LI1(), Zhijie ZHANG2, Chao FU1, Hongwei SUN1, Chun LIU2
. School of Energy, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China . Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Hangzhou 310000, China
Deltaic sedimentary systems form the most favorable hydrocarbon reservoirs in continental faulted lacustrine basins, and their types and controlling factors directly affect the distribution of hydrocarbons. The systematic study of typical modern delta deposition provides significant guidance regarding the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs in the subsurface. For this reason, the Heima River delta in Qinghai Lake, which features multiple sediment sources and clear sedimentary evolution stages, was selected for this research. A detailed study of the sedimentology and architectural characteristics of the Heimahe delta in Qinghai Lake was conducted. A total of 4 types of gravel facies, 4 types of sand facies, and 2 types of mud facies were identified. This study also focuses on recognizing the architectural elements within channels and bars. The delta plain features debris-flow, switched, and migrated channels and vertical and bilateral aggradation bars. The delta front features migrated and filled channels and bilateral and lateral aggradation bars. Twenty-two representative outcrop sections were selected. Detailed observation and analysis of these sections revealed three stages: the progradation to aggradation (PA) stage, in which the deposits show evidence of sigmoid-type and coarse-grained sedimentation; the retrogradation (R) stage, which is characterized by imbricated regression; and the aggradation to progradation and degradation (APD) stage, which is characterized by a terraced-stepping, progression stacking pattern. Based on the integrated analysis of the sedimentary environment, outcrop lithofacies associations, architecture stacking patterns, fossils and bioclasts, we identified diverse depositional associations and constructed a sedimentary evolution model of the depositional system in this area. We suggest that the depositional system transitioned from an early single-provenance gravel-rich fan delta to a multi-provenance mud-rich delta and that two factors mainly controlled the transition: the southern boundary fault activity and lake level variations. The contemporaneous activity of the fault increased the accommodation in the low-stand systems tract, which resulted in continuous coarse-sediment deposition.
Online First Date: 03 July 2024Issue Date: 29 September 2024
Cite this article:
Di MA,Xinghe YU,Shunli LI, et al. Controls on the facies and architecture evolution of a fan delta in Qinghai Lake, China[J]. Front. Earth Sci.,
2024, 18(3): 488-508.
Fig.1 Regional maps. (a) A schematic map of faults of Qinghai Lake area (modified from Bian et al. (2000)); (b) the outcrops location of the study area on satellite image; (c) lithology diagram of the study area and its surrounding area; (d) schematic section of the structure and sedimentation in the fan-delta, whose location was on (b) and (c).
Fig.2 A brief stratigraphic table of the Nanshan tectonic belt, Qinghai.
Fig.3 Lithofacies of the Heimahe delta deposites.
Fig.4 Typical lithofacies associations of the Heimahe delta.
Fig.6 Characteristics of the architecture stacking pattern. (a) Debris-flow channel and interchannel (D); (b) Switched channels and vertical accretion bars (S); (c) Filled channels and bilateral accretion bars (F); (d) Migrated channels and unilateral accretion bars (M).
Fig.7 Panoramic photo, interpretation for outcrop profile 1(location in Fig. 1(c)) of the lower delta plain and cumulative probability curves of three deposition stages. (a) Panoramic photo of outcrop profile 1; (b) cumulative probability curve for firste-stage; (c) cumulative probability curve for second-stage; (d) cumulative probability curve for third-stage.
Fig.8 Panoramic photo, interpretation for outcrop profile 14 (location in Fig. 1(c)) of the lower delta plain and cumulative probability curves of three deposition stages. (a) Panoramic photo of outcrop profile 14; (b) cumulative probability curve for firste-stage; (c) cumulative probability curve for second-stage; (d) cumulative probability curve for third-stage.
Fig.9 Panoramic photo, interpretation for outcrop profile 7 (location in Fig. 1(c)) of the delta front and cumulative probability curves of three deposition stages. (a) Panoramic photo of outcrop profile 7; (b) cumulative probability curve for first-stage; (c) cumulative probability curve for second-stage; (d) cumulative probability curve for third-stage.
Fig.10 Deposional cycles and panoramic photo for outcrop profile 7 (location in Fig. 1(c)).
Fig.11 Partial enlarged detail of profile 7. (a) and (b) are gravelly sandstone deposits; (c) is debris flow to a traction flow; (d) and (e) are bioclastics; (f) is reed-related tufa; (g)and (i) are fossils; (j) and (k) are burrows with backfilling structures; (l) is root-lap structures.
Fig.12 Terraced trajectory. (a) Macroscopic characteristics of terraces in satellite image; (b) Panoramic photo of terrace; (c) enlarged red box in (a); (d) two lines elevation map in (a).
Fig.13 Comparative table of three depositional stage characteristics. (a) characteristics of stage PA; (b) characteristics of stage R; (c) characteristics of stage APD.
Fig.15 Climate fluctuate in Qinghai Lake area in recent 10 kyrs.
Fig.16 Recent 10 kyrs Qinghai lake level changes. (a) Altitude; (b) temperature and precipitation.
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