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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2019, Vol. 13 Issue (1) : 8    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1099-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Influence of reclaimed water discharge on the dissemination and relationships of sulfonamide, sulfonamide resistance genes along the Chaobai River, Beijing
Ning Zhang1,2, Xiang Liu1(), Rui Liu1, Tao Zhang3, Miao Li1(), Zhuoran Zhang1, Zitao Qu4, Ziting Yuan5, Hechun Yu5
1. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. Division of Environment and Resources Research, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
3. Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
4. Institute of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (Asian Campus), Singapore 139660, Singapore
5. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract

Reclaimed water threatens the ecological safety of the Chaobai River.

SMX, TMP, and SDZ were the first three abundant antibiotics in the research area.

SRGs and intI1 were widespread with high abundance after reclaimed water recharge.

The SRGs values followed the sequence: Summer>autumn>spring>winter.

Strong correlations were detected between SRGs and environmental factors.

Reclaimed water represents an important source of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, threatening the ecological safety of receiving environments, while alleviating water resource shortages. This study investigated the dissemination of sulfonamide (SAs), sulfonamide resistance genes (SRGs), and class one integrons (intI1) in the surface water of the recharging area of the Chaobai River. The three antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and sulfadiazine had the highest abundance. The highest absolute abundances were 2.91×106, 6.94×106, and 2.18×104 copies/mL for sul1, sul2, and intI1 at the recharge point, respectively. SRGs and intI1 were widespread and had high abundance not only at the recharging point, but also in remote areas up to 8 km away. Seasonal variations of SRGs abundance followed the order of summer>autumn>spring>winter. Significant correlations were found between SRGs and intI1 (R2 = 0.887 and 0.786, p<0.01), indicating the potential risk of SRGs dissemination. Strong correlations between the abundance of SRGs and environmental factors were also found, suggesting that appropriate environmental conditions favor the spread of SRGs. The obtained results indicate that recharging with reclaimed water causes dissemination and enrichment of SAs and SRGs in the receiving river. Further research is required for the risk assessment and scientific management of reclaimed water.
Keywords Sulfonamide residues      Sulfonamide resistance genes      Reclaimed water recharge      Surface water      Class one integrons     
Corresponding Author(s): Xiang Liu,Miao Li   
Issue Date: 29 December 2018
 Cite this article:   
Ning Zhang,Xiang Liu,Rui Liu, et al. Influence of reclaimed water discharge on the dissemination and relationships of sulfonamide, sulfonamide resistance genes along the Chaobai River, Beijing[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(1): 8.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1099-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2019/V13/I1/8
Fig.1  Location of the study area with the distribution of river water monitoring points along the Chaobai River. (a) location of the Chaobai and the Wenyu Rivers; (b) location of the surface water monitoring points.
Fig.2  Levels of sulfonamides antibiotics (SAs) in surface water (ng/mL): (a) column charts of each location are arranged in order of March 7, 2017; June 9, 2017; September 19, 2017 and December 15, 2016; (b) the total concentration of SAs varies along the river.
Fig.3  Abundance of sulfonamide resistance genes in all samples: (a) absolute abundance of sul1, (b) relative abundance of sul1, (c) absolute abundance of sul2, (d) relative abundance of sul2
Fig.4  Abundance of class 1 integron in all samples. (a) Absolute abundance of class I integron, (b) relative abundance of class I integron
Fig.5  Heat map about resistance genes profile of all samples. Each row is labeled with the sample site, each column is the abundance of sul1, sul2, intI1 in different seasons of all site respectively. (a) absolute abundance (copies/mL), (b) relative abundance
Fig.6  Redundancy analysis (RDA) of average SRGs and the environmental variables in all water samples. Circle symbols represent the SRGs concentration of all samples, environmental variables in red arrows represent intI1, water qualities. The lengths of arrows reveal the strength of the correlation and the angles between arrows indicate the relationship of different parameters. The percentage of horizontal axis is 77.4%, vertical axis is 17.9.
Season ARGs intI1 SDZ SMX TMP SDM SML STZ pH TOC TP TN
Spring sul1 0.877** 0.615* 0.562* 0.658*
sul2 0.700** 0.748* 0.645*
∑sul 0.884** 0.627* 0.558* 0.663*
Summer sul1 0.807** 0.837** 0.685**
sul2 0.902** 0.568* 0.579*
∑sul 0.871** 0.685** 0.601*
Autumn sul1 0.817** 0.878** 0.805** 0.797** 0.731**
sul2 0.583* 0.712** 0.659* 0.676** 0.580*
∑sul 0.587* 0.715** 0.662** 0.678** 0.583*
Winter sul1 0.968** 0.905** 0.697** 0.896** 0.860** 0.765**
sul2 0.960** 0.740** 0.928** 0.799** 0.605*
∑sul 0.974** 0.896** 0.684** 0.906** 0.860** 0.755**
Tab.1  Relationship between absolute abundance of SRGs and intI1, SAs, environment factors
Season ARGs intI I SDZ SMX TMP SDM SML STZ pH TOC TP TN
Spring sul1 -0.640* 0.672**
sul2 0.576* -0.637*
∑sul -0.634* 0.670**
Summer sul1 0.818** 0.871** -0.612* 0.592*
sul2 -0.566*
∑sul 0.760** 0.682** -0.578*
Autumn sul1 0.973** -0.634*
sul2 0.943** 0.834** 0.740** 0.775**
∑sul 0.931** 0.838** 0.723** 0.790**
Winter sul1 0.953** 0.732** 0.905** 0.716** 0.782**
sul2 0.905** 0.599* 0.856** 0.881** 0.742** 0.769** 0.942**
∑sul 0.957** 0.740** 0.900** 0.726** 0.792**
Tab.2  Calculated heat duties of heat equipment and power duty of pump P1 shown in Fig. 1
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