The implications of planting mode on cadmium uptake and remobilization in rice: Field experiments across growth stages

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1431-5

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (6) : 137 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1431-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The implications of planting mode on cadmium uptake and remobilization in rice: Field experiments across growth stages

Xiao Deng, Yixuan Chen, Yang Yang, Liang Peng, Luo Si, Qingru Zeng(

)

College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

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Abstract

•Direct seeding (DS) method led to more distributed Cd in aerial parts of rice.

•The Cd content was significantly higher in brown rice with planting mode of DS.

•Using DS lessened the Fe plaque covering the root surface in all growth stages.

•Transplantation mode should be considered as a priority in Cd-contaminated areas.

Global rice production practices have gradually changed from a reliance on transplanting to direct seeding. Yet how this shift may alter cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice is poorly known. Here we conducted field experiments with two rice genotypes cultivars that were planted using three methods: via direct seeding (DS), seedling throwing (ST), and manual transplanting (MT). Rice samples were collected during four growth stages. The formation and distribution of iron plaque were analyzed using DCB (dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate) extractions and observed under micro-XRF (micro X-ray fluorescence). The results revealed that, in each growth stage, DS rice was more apt to harbor Cd distributed in the plant’s aerial parts, and the Cd concentration of brown rice from DS was 21.8%–43.3% significantly higher than those from ST and MT at maturity stage (p<0.05). During the vegetative stages, the Cd uptake percentage was higher in DS than MT rice, and those plants arising from the DS method were capable of absorbing more Cd earlier in their growth and development. Conversely, using DS decreased the amount of iron plaque covering the root surface in every growth stage, especially in the critical period of Cd accumulation, such that the roots’ middle areas were distinguished by a near-complete absence of iron plaque, thus weakening its role as an effective barrier to Cd uptake from soil. Collectively, this study demonstrated that implementing the DS mode of planting will increase Cd’s distribution in the aboveground parts of rice, and heightening the risk of Cd contamination in grain.

Keywords Cadmium Genotypes Growth stages Micro X-ray fluorescence Planting mode

Corresponding Author(s): Qingru Zeng

Issue Date: 14 April 2021

Cite this article:

Xiao Deng,Yixuan Chen,Yang Yang, et al. The implications of planting mode on cadmium uptake and remobilization in rice: Field experiments across growth stages[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(6): 137.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1431-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I6/137

Fig.1 Cd concentrations in tissues of two genotype rice under three planting modes at different growth stages. Cd concentrations in root (A) and straw (B); in husk at the heading and maturity stages (C); in grain at the grouting stage and in brown rice at the maturity stage (D). MT, ST, and DS mean manual transplanting, seedling throwing, and direct seeding, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) among different planting modes while similar letters and parameters without letters indicate no significant difference. The format is the same in following figures and tables.

Fig.2 Cd concentrations in rice plant tissues under three planting modes at maturity stage in field verification experiments.

Fig.3 Cd translocation in rice plant tissues. Translocation factor (TF), root to straw (TFrs), straw to husk (TFsh), straw to grain (TFsg), and straw to brown rice (TFsb); TFrs at tillering stage (A), TFrs and TFsh values at heading stage (B), TFrs and TFsg at grouting stage (C), and the TFrs, TFsh, and TFsb values at maturity stage (D).

Fig.4 Distribution of Cd in tissues of two genotype rice during different growth stages under three planting modes. Tillering stage (A), heading stage (B), grouting stage (C), and maturity stage (D).

Fig.5 Fe and Mn concentrations in iron plaque of two genotype rice under three planting modes across different growth stages. Fe (A) and Mn (B). TS, HS, GS, and MS respectively denote the tillering stage, heading stage, grouting stage, and maturity stage of rice.

Tab.1 Quantification results of mass percent (%) of some elements on TYHZ rice root using micro-XRF

Fig.6 Micro X-ray fluorescence images of iron (Fe) distribution in the TYHZ rice root surface of rice plants under three planting modes treatments.

Tab.2 Cd uptake percentages (%) at different growth stages of TYHZ rice plants in the field experiment

Fig.7 Relationships between the Fe concentrations in Fe plaque and the Cd concentrations in rice tissues.

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