Translocation and biotoxicity of metal (oxide) nanoparticles in the wetland-plant system

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1432-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (6) : 138 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1432-4

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Translocation and biotoxicity of metal (oxide) nanoparticles in the wetland-plant system

Xiangyu Yang^1,², Qiang He^1,², Fucheng Guo^1,², Xiaobo Liu^1,², Yi Chen^1,²(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Region’s Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
². National Centre for International Research of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

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Abstract

• Aquatic plants are more likely to absorb TiO₂ NPs that are beneficial to them.

• Ag NPs inhibited the growth of aquatic plants under both 5- and 60-day exposure.

• CeO₂ NPs had positive/negative impact on plant in 5/60-day exposure, respectively.

• TiO₂ NPs presence could enhance the photosynthesis and increase the plant biomass.

• The ENPs changed plant activity, which resulted in changes of wetland performance.

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) threaten the environment through wastewater discharging. Generally, constructed wetlands (CWs) are efficient methods for ENPs removal. However, the biotoxicity of ENPs on plants in CWs is unclear. Here, we investigated the distribution and bio-impacts of different ENPs (Ag NPs, TiO₂ NPs, and CeO₂ NPs) in plants under 5- and 60-day exposure to 1 and 50 mg/L concentrations. Results showed that ENPs appeared in the vascular bundle and mesophyll cell space, which induced the variation in antioxidase activities (e.g., superoxide dismutase [SOD], peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT] activities) as well as overproduction of malondialdehyde (MDA). Additionally, Ag NPs inhibited photosynthesis rate and root activity during two exposure phases. CeO₂ NPs had positive and negative impacts on plants in 5- and 60-day exposure, respectively. Inversely, TiO₂ NPs enhanced photosynthesis and root activity under 60-day exposure. Finally, the contents of the C, N, and P elements in plants fluctuated in response to ENPs stress. All results have a positive correlation with the wetland performance under ENPs exposure except for TiO₂ NPs treatment. Overall, our study systematically reveals aquatic plants' responses to ENPs and provides a reference for building ecological treatment systems to purify wastewater containing ENPs.

Keywords Constructed wetlands Aquatic plants Nanoparticles Physiological activity Biomass

Corresponding Author(s): Yi Chen

Issue Date: 20 April 2021

Cite this article:

Xiangyu Yang,Qiang He,Fucheng Guo, et al. Translocation and biotoxicity of metal (oxide) nanoparticles in the wetland-plant system[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(6): 138.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1432-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I6/138

Tab.1 Proportions of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in each part of constructed wetland (CW) microcosms under 60-day exposure, including plants, substrate and effluent (data presented as the mean±standard deviation, n = 3)

Fig.1 Metal or metal oxide NPs proportions to total ENPs in plant tissues under exposure to 1 (light) and 50 (dark) mg/L for 60 days, including roots, stems, and leaves (data presented as the mean±standard deviation, n = 3).

Fig.2 SEM image and EDX mapping results of the cross section of plant stems. The density of colored spots indicates the ENP contents.

Fig.3 TEM images of the cross section of root tips (A: control; B: feeding Ag NPs; C: feeding TiO₂ NPs; D: feeding CeO₂ NPs). The flocculent particles with red arrows indicate the presence of ENPs in the mesophyll cell space of the root via EDS analysis (a: control; b: feeding Ag NPs; c: feeding TiO₂ NPs; d: feeding CeO₂ NPs).

Tab.2 The contents of main elements (such as C, H, N, P and S) in wetland plants after 60-day exposure experiments (data presented as the mean±standard deviation, n = 3)

Fig.4 Root activity and morphology of wetland plants under 60-day exposure to ENPs. (A: feeding Ag NPs; B: feeding TiO₂ NPs; C: feeding CeO₂ NPs). Asterisk (*) indicates values significantly different from the control over the same exposure period (p<0.05).

Fig.5 The 5- and 60-day effects of 1 and 50 mg/L ENPs treatments on the photosynthetic parameters in wetland plants, including net photosynthesis rate (Photo, A), stomatal conductance (Cond, B), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci, C) and transpiration rate (Trmmol, D). All data presented as the mean±standard deviation (n = 3). “5” and “60” indicate “5-day” and “60-day,” respectively.

Fig.6 The malondialdehyde (MDA, A) content, catalase (CAT, B) activity, peroxidase (POD, C) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD, D) activity in the leaves of wetland plants under 5- and 60-day exposure to 0, 1, and 50 mg/L ENPs (data presented as the mean±standard deviation, n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences (p<0.05) from the control.

Fig.7 Linear relationships between plant activities (root activity (A, C and E) and net photosynthesis rate (B, D and F)) and nutrient (TN, left row and TP, right row) removal efficiency in wetland reactors after 60-day exposure to ENPs.

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